Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030552 (paresis)
 5,831 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with long-standing unilateral strabismus, such as "sensory" exotropia in the absence of fusion, or esotropia with unilateral amblyopia, typically show bilateral deviations under anesthesia, often symmetric. Forced ductions usually show symmetric muscle tightness. Changes in extraocular muscle lengths thus appear to occur primarily bilaterally, whether fusion is present or not. With skeletal muscles responding to changes in stimulation by the gain or loss of sarcomeres, it is likely that abnormal or unguided vergence tonus, which changes the lengths of the extraocular muscles bilaterally, is largely responsible for changes in the angle of strabismus over time. This mechanism helps explain the development of [1] increasing "basic" deviations in accommodative esotropia; [2] torsional deviations with apparent oblique muscle "overaction/underaction" and A and V patterns; [3] recurrent esotropia with early presbyopia; [4] occasional divergence insufficiency in presbyopes; and [5] basic cyclovertical deviations that mimic superior oblique muscle paresis.
Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2006
PMID:The 10th Bielschowsky Lecture. Changes in strabismus over time: the roles of vergence tonus and muscle length adaptation. 1679 23

Forced duction and generation testing of a patient with Parry-Romberg syndrome (progressive hemifacial atrophy) confirmed that his incomitant hypotropia and esotropia were restrictive and not due to nerve paresis. This suggests that an orbital inflammatory process (causing extraocular muscle fibrosis) is part of this rare and poorly understood syndrome.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Restrictive strabismus in Parry-Romberg syndrome. 1727 38

We describe a child with an extensive medical history who presented with extraocular muscle paresis that, on investigation, led to the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 2. This child had multiple endocrinologic abnormalities and rare ophthalmologic features that could be associated with the disease.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Rare ocular and systemic associations in a case of neurofibromatosis 2. 1741 Sep 65

Botulinum toxin treatment was originally developed 25 years ago by Alan B. Scott to produce reversible weakening of extraocular eye muscles in humans (chemodenervation). The following uses are still helpful today in comparison with eye muscle surgery, prism applications etc.: Preoperative evaluation of possible postoperative diplopia in patients in whom this cannot be done by means of prisms or traction test, etc. Acute paretic loss of ocular muscle function when surgical treatment of the ocular muscles is not yet possible but the patient is obviously disturbed by diplopia or a forced head posture. This applies especially to VI cranial nerve paresis. Depending on the surgical approach in VI nerve palsies, Botulinum toxin may be injected in the medial rectus muscle before muscle transposition surgery to loosen contracture. Strabismus in acute Graves' disease. In strabismus in other conditions, Botulinum toxin is mostly inferior surgical treatment of the ocular muscles; this is the case, for example in congenital esotropia or horizontal strabismus in adults. While the reversibility of the Botulinum toxin A effect by fading out after 3-4 months is seen as an advantage, it does also mean that in these cases of constant strabismus it is necessary to keep repeating the injections.
 ...
PMID:[Botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of strabismus. Which indications are still useful today?]. 1762 34

Anterior plagiocephaly is a craniofacial anomaly related to premature unilateral synostosis. We present three cases of anterior plagiocephaly with contralateral superior oblique dysfunction. A detailed ophthalmic examination, including orthoptic assessment for the extraocular muscle misalignment, with appropriate radio-imaging was done in all the three cases. All of them showed a right-sided plagiocephaly, with overaction of the left superior oblique muscle, alternating exotropia and a dissociated vertical deviation. Two underwent surgical correction of squint. Both were well aligned after squint surgery. Plagiocephaly has been reported to simulate superior oblique muscle paresis. We report a rare occurrence of contralateral superior oblique muscle overaction in three children with anterior plagiocephaly.
 ...
PMID:Anterior plagiocephaly with contralateral superior oblique overaction. 1897 24

Strabismus developing after retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia for both anterior and posterior segment eye surgery may be due to myotoxicity to an extraocular muscle from the local anesthetic agent. Initial paresis often causes diplopia immediately after surgery, but later progressive segmental fibrosis occurs, and/or hypertrophy of the muscle, producing diplopia in the opposite direction from the direction of the initial diplopia. The inferior rectus muscle is most commonly affected. Usually a large recession on an adjustable suture of the involved muscle(s) yields good alignment. Using topical anesthesia or sub-Tenon's anesthesia can avoid this complication.
 ...
PMID:Strabismus complications from local anesthetics. 1908 31

The congenital retinocephalic facial vascular malformation syndrome is characterized by unilateral, nonhereditary retinal and cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and is occasionally associated with orbital vascular changes. Typical signs are facial and oral mucosal vascular changes, rarely with changes of the maxilla or mandible. An AVM causes high blood flow because of direct connection (shunting) of major vessels without interposition of capillaries. Ocular complications include retinal and vitreous hemorrhages, edema, venous occlusion (risk of rubeosis iridis and secondary glaucoma). Neuroophthalmological changes comprise optic atrophy, papilledema, proptosis, pupillary changes, hemianopia, gaze paresis, nystagmus, cranial nerve palsies, strabismus, and amblyopia. Neurological complications include headache, subarachnoid hemorrhage, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhages, increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and stroke with hemiparesis. Threatening oral hemorrhages or epistaxis may rarely occur.
 ...
PMID:[Congenital retinocephalic facial vascular malformation syndrome. Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome or Wyburn-Mason syndrome]. 1915 63

The main goal of this study is to examine the effect of intramuscular bupivacaine in oculomotor paresis, analyzing whether it is possible to obtain a stronger muscle contraction due to the muscle hypertrophy caused by the drug. An injection of 4.5 mL of a 0.50% solution of bupivacaine was administered in the paretic muscle of three patients. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and 3 months after injection to compare muscle cross-sectional areas. The symptoms of two patients improved and an increase of muscle cross-sectional area was observed. However, it is necessary to be prudent when employing intramuscular bupivacaine in oculomotor paresis treatment until there are more and larger studies.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009 Jun 25
PMID:Intramuscular Bupivacaine Injection for the Treatment of Oculomotor Paresis. 1964 78

Endocrine ophthalmopathy is the most common cause of acute onset diplopia in middle aged or older individuals. Ocular muscle involvement is characterized by myositis followed by fibrosis: this causes a stiffness and a shortening of the muscles involved with restriction of ocular movements: so the impairment of rotation is due to a mechanical obstacle and not to a paresis. Prisms are rarely useful in relieving diplopia and the majority of symptomatic patients need squint surgery. Timing of surgery is very important and two considerations are to be kept in mind: first, the systemic disease must be in remission and the ocular deviation must be stable for at least six months; second, if more than one surgical procedure is needed for the ophthalmopathy, muscle surgery has its right place after orbital surgery and before lid surgery. Obviously dealing with restrictive disorders, surgery is based on weakening procedures of the affected muscles: identifying the affected muscles is of crucial importance and may be sometime difficult for the presence of misleading signs; great advances have been made in surgical technique with the development of adjustable sutures and of topical anesthesia. Prognosis is usually good with more than 80% of patients recovering a useful field of binocular single vision with one procedure and more than 90% with two or more procedures.
 ...
PMID:Squint surgery in TED -- hints and fints, or why Graves' patients are difficult patients. 1983 83

Strabismus is a well recognized complication of retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery. This may manifest as either paresis or sometimes contracture (overaction) in the late stage. Management of the patient is tailored to the individual case. Herein, we report a patient with inferior rectus paresis and medial rectus overaction after retrobulbar anesthesia. The presenting symptom was diplopia increasing on downgaze, which improved with medial rectus recession and plication of the inferior rectus.
 ...
PMID:Inferior rectus paresis and medial rectus overaction following retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery. 2012 90


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>