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Query: UMLS:C0030552 (paresis)
 5,831 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Strabismic cases which are exotropic fixing with one eye, and esotropic fixing with the other eye are rare and a result of anisometropia, unequal accommodation, paresis or restriction, and previous ocular muscle surgery. Three cases of antipodean squint are reported without known etiology factor. An extensive survey of experts in the field of strabismus was unable to document other similar cases where a cause could not be determined.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Antipodean squint. 73 53

The forced duction test reveals information about mechanical limitations to full ocular rotation. When voluntary ocular rotation is limited, and the forced duction test is completely free, paresis of an extraocular muscle is suggested. The active force generation test and saccadic velocity measurements both provide information about the active forces available to move the globe. Active force can be felt with the forceps in the force generation test. These forces can be measured quantitatively with the calibrated Scott forceps. The saccadic velocity test measures the work an extraocular muscle performs (the eye movement) but does not measure active force directly. The force available is inferred by comparing saccadic velocity measurements to normal control values. This test is especially useful in infants and children, in whom the force duction test cannot be done without general anesthesia, and whose cooperation is insufficient to allow force generation measurements to be performed. It is likely that future improvements in instrumentation and further knowledge of basic oculomotor mechanisms will increase the value of these techniques in clinical strabismus.
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PMID:Forced duction, active force generation, and saccadic velocity tests. 78 26

Faulty egocentric localization or "past pointing" has been reported in the literature only in association with paralysis or paresis of extraocular muscles, or mechanical restrictions of the globe. A case of past pointing associated with comitant strabismus, without evidence of extraocular muscle paralysis, paresis, or restriction is presented. This is believed to be the first reported case of past pointing in a patient with a comitant deviation.
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PMID:Past pointing in comitant strabismus. 98 65

Determinating the objective angle of squint with the usual diagnosis procedures false results are not uncommon. On the other hand muscle-function cannot be estimated in the extreme direction of gaze because of interference with the patient's nose and orbital margin. The newly developed "Synoptometer" (Oculus-Dutenhofen, W-Germany) provides the possibilities of determination the objective angle of squint in the extreme direction of gaze; false results can be prevented. This new instrument offers wide range of diagnostic possibilities for the evaluation of extraocular muscle paresis and for surgical indications; typical cases are demonstrated.
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PMID:[The "synoptometer" as basis for surgical indication and postoperative follow-up study in cases with complicated extraocular muscle diseases (author's transl)]. 122 29

The authors studied the vertical saccadic movements of 12 patients with vertical paretic strabismus (< 6 degrees) by Scott's method, comparing the saccade of the paretic muscle with that of its antagonist. The results showed that the former was reduced in amplitude by 15%-50%, averaging 31.5%, and improved to 0%-25%, averaging 8.1%, after operations. The authors proposed that a difference of saccadic amplitude over 15% between a muscle and its antagonist indicated presence of muscle paresis. Besides, the methods of assessing saccadic movements were discussed.
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PMID:[A clinical study of vertical saccadic eye movements]. 128 7

Isolated third nerve paresis is a rare diagnosis among patients presenting to the Botulinum Toxin Clinic at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Ten patients with this diagnosis are reviewed in this study. Head trauma is a common cause of third nerve palsy and is often severe enough to cause damage to fusion potential. If fusion is present and there is adequate adduction of the divergent eye, then botulinum toxin injection of the lateral rectus may induce long-term control of the ocular deviation. Three of the four patients who experienced long-term control of their ocular deviation following toxin injection shared these features. Toxin injected into the lateral rectus did not, however, reliably assess medial rectus function and therefore predict the outcome of horizontal squint surgery. Reasons for this are discussed.
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PMID:The role of botulinum toxin in third nerve palsy. 138 29

A group of 2205 operations of strabismus in the course of 12 years reveals a clear predominance of operations of dynamic strabismus (94%), as compared with surgery of paralytic strabismus and ocular torticollis on account of nystagmus (6%). This fact provides evidence of a marked ratio of a non-paralytic aetiology of strabismus in the child population. In esotropia, the most frequent type of strabismus, the authors consider as most suitable the technique of weakening of the inner rectus muscles by a dosed elongation according to Gonin-Hollwich, as compared with the classical retroposition of this muscle. In exotropia the authors recommend reinforcing operations only or in combination with a weakening operation of the rectus muscles. The gradual development of application of the technique of surgery of the hyperfunctional lower oblique muscle is in favour of treble partial myotomy (elongation). They operate paretic strabismus when the IIIrd, IVth, VIth nerve are affected and supranuclear paresis of the levators by a complex procedure incl. transposition operations of the functional muscles. The authors operate ocular torticollis after a careful analysis of the congenital nystagmus, using special techniques on the rectus and oblique muscles which adjust the position of the head and bulbs.
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PMID:[Surgical treatment of strabismus in children (a 12-year study)]. 139 35

Four patients with congenital double elevator palsy were studied who had clinically brisk elevation of the affected eye from downgaze to the midline position of rest, but severely limited or absent elevation above primary position. Forced duction tests were negative and Bell's phenomenon was present preoperatively in all patients. To clarify why upgaze saccades clinically seemed intact below but not above midline, vertical saccadic velocities were measured using the scleral search coil technique. The tracings of three cases suggest sufficient superior rectus function to generate a normal upward saccadic trajectory. A supranuclear lesion is the most likely etiology of the inability to elevate the eye well above primary position in these three patients. In a fourth patient, the reduced ability to elevate the affected eye above primary position is caused by a superior rectus paresis with decreased upward saccadic velocities. We suggest at least three distinct groups of patients present clinically as double elevator palsy: primary inferior rectus restriction, primary superior rectus paresis or palsy, and congenital supranuclear elevation deficiency.
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
PMID:Congenital double elevator palsy: vertical saccadic velocity utilizing the scleral search coil technique. 812 Jul 49

This review focuses on the features of pseudotumor cerebri in the pediatric age group. There is no sex predilection in children, and obesity does not appear to be an important factor. Infants and young children may present with irritability, apathy, or somnolence, rather than headache. Dizziness and ataxia may also occur. Papilledema is infrequently noted in pediatric patients if the fontanelles are open or the sutures are split. Pre-adolescents appear more likely than adults or adolescents to have manifestations of their pseudotumor cerebri other than headache and papilledema, including lateral rectus pareses, vertical strabismus, facial paresis, back and neck pain. Among the etiologies that are particularly pertinent to children are tetracycline therapy, malnutrition or renutrition, and the correction of hypothyroidism. Children with pseudotumor cerebri are at risk for visual loss and their visual function must be closely monitored. Surgical intervention is imperative when vision is threatened.
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PMID:Pediatric pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension). 147 50

Plagiocephaly is cranial synostosis caused by premature closure of one half of the coronal suture. It is manifested by asymmetry of the face of a varying degree with vertical strabismus on the affected side and tilting of the head to the sound side. The vertical deviation imitates ocular torticollis, there are, however, no signs of paresis nor a positive Bielschowski test. Treatment involves early opening of the coronal synostosis or later at least treatment of vertical strabismus. The authors operated successfully a 14-year-old girl with medium grade plagiocephaly. They describe the preoperative and postoperative state. The authors recommend, in case of asymmetry of the face and vertical strabismus, to consider the possible diagnosis of this anomaly.
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PMID:[Vertical strabismus in plagiocephaly]. 152 91


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