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Query: UMLS:C0030552 (paresis)
 5,831 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The study aimed at comparison of quantitative indices of gait in patients with hysteria and organic dysbasia. Two groups of patients were studied - 28 patients with psychogenic dysbasia and 22 with organic gait disturbances (cerebellar ataxia in multiple sclerosis and post stroke hemiparesis). A control group included 10 healthy subjects. Space and temporal gait characteristics were investigated using an impregnation method (footprint), i.e. analysis of gait parameters by footprints. Step width (base) and length, step frequency and gait speed were assessed. All parameters were recorded both at normal speed and accelerated gait. At accelerated gait, changes of step base (SB) were in different directions: in patients with hysteria and controls SB decreased and in patients with organic dysbasia increased. SB index (ratio of SB at accelerated gait to that at normal speed) was <1 in 82% of patients with psychogenic dysbasia and 90% controls and >1 in 91% of patients with organic gait disturbances. Maximal differences were found between subgroups with psychogenic and organic ataxia and less marked differences - in paresis.
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PMID:[Quantitative indices of gait in patients with psychogenic and organic dysbasia]. 1837 74

The interactions between developing neurology and psychiatry in Paris are of interest, in a city which was the main center for studies on the nervous system and its disorders during the nineteenth century. Contrary to a common view, and in spite of an established tradition for mental diseases, emerging neurology had a much stronger influence on psychiatry ('alienism') than the reverse. This was largely due to the school built up by Jean-Martin Charcot, which was organized around the study and management of hysteria. Although Charcot himself always claimed his disinterest in mental medicine, he stimulated the development of an original scientific approach to nervous system conditions, along with a structured academic teaching, while alienism paradoxically remained stuck in organicism, after Antoine Bayle's report in 1822 of 'arachnitis' as the substratum of general paresis of the insane. Contrary to alienism, the young neurological school was able of self-criticism, and progressively underscored mental factors in hysteria. This led to the paradox that neurologists were active in a disease with a recognized lack of organic lesion, while alienists were postulating brain lesions in all mental disorders. The neurological activity thus indirectly and involuntarily led to the first developments of psychodynamic concepts in mental diseases. The academic evolution led to the launch of a faculty chair of mental and brain diseases in 1875, which was taken over for nearly half a century by direct pupils of Charcot: Benjamin Ball, Alix Joffroy, and Gilbert Ballet held the position until 1916, supporting the development of modern psychiatry in general hospitals, while alienism progressively disappeared at the turn of the century.
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PMID:From alienism to the birth of modern psychiatry: a neurological story? 1969 Apr 18

At the time of Jean-Martin Charcot, Paris--the main center for studies on the nervous system and its disorders--was home to critical exchanges between the developing discipline of neurology and psychiatry. Contrary to the commonly held view, and in spite of an established tradition concerning mental diseases, emerging neurology had a much stronger influence on psychiatry ('alienism') than the reverse. This was largely due to the school built up by Jean-Martin Charcot himself, which was organized around the study and management of hysteria. Although Charcot always claimed to be uninterested in mental medicine, he stimulated the development of an original scientific approach to nervous system conditions, based on Claude Bernard's method, along with structured academic teaching. Conversely, alienism paradoxically remained stuck in organicism, after Antoine Bayle's report in 1822 of 'arachnitis' as the substratum of general paresis of the insane. Contrary to alienism, the young neurological school was capable of self-criticism, and progressively highlighted mental factors in hysteria. This led to the paradox that neurologists were active in a disease with no organic cerebral lesion, while alienists were postulating brain lesions in all mental disorders. Pushed by Charcot, the academic evolution led to the launch of a faculty chair of mental and brain diseases in 1875, which was taken over for nearly half a century by his direct pupils Benjamin Ball, Alix Joffroy and Gilbert Ballet, who held the position until 1916, supporting the development of modern psychiatry in general hospitals, while alienism progressively disappeared at the turn of the century.
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PMID:Birth of modern psychiatry and the death of alienism: the legacy of Jean-Martin Charcot. 2093 43

The diagnosis of functional paresis is evoked when a patient presents with symptoms and signs incompatible with current anatomical and physiological knowledge. A broad assessment, including imaging and motor evoked potentials at rest, remains necessary; the rate of false diagnosis being estimated at 4%. The mechanisms of hysteria remain still dubious but various studies suggest that functional paresis is different from simulation by conscious, voluntary inhibition. The long-term prognosis is bad. The treatment includes cognitive-behavioral therapy and rehabilitation to develop a positive attitude.
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PMID:[Functional weakness of movement]. 2141 70

Hysteria has served as an important driving force in the development of both neurology and psychiatry. Jean Martin Charcot's devotion to mesmerism for treating hysterical patients evoked the invention of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. Meanwhile, Joseph Babinski took over the challenge to discriminate between organic and hysterical patients from Charcot and found Babinski's sign, the greatest milestone in modern neurological symptomatology. Nowadays, the usage of the term hysteria is avoided. However, new terms and new classifications are complicated and inconsistent between the two representative taxonomies, the DSM-IV and ICD-10. In the ICD-10, even the alternative term conversion disorder, which was becoming familiar to neurologists, has also disappeared as a group name. The diagnosis of hysteria remains important in clinical neurology. Extensive exclusive diagnoses and over investigation, including various imaging studies, should be avoided because they may prolong the disease course and fix their symptoms. Psychological reasons that seem to explain the conversion are not considered reliable. Positive neurological signs suggesting nonorganic etiologies are the most reliable measures for diagnosing hysteria, as Babinski first argued. Hysterical paresis has several characteristics, such as giving-way weakness or peculiar distributions of weakness. Signs to uncover nonorganic paresis utilizing synergy include Hoover's test and the Sonoo abductor test.
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PMID:[Neurology of hysteria (conversion disorder)]. 2499 31