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Query: UMLS:C0030305 (pancreatitis)
 16,014 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Most episodes of acute pancreatitis are mild and self-limiting, but severe disease complicated by multiple system organ failure develops in up to 20% of cases. Early detection of those patients who subsequently develop necrotizing pancreatitis allows the start of supportive treatment in the intensive care unit before organ failure occurs. Conservative treatment in the intensive care unit, including the administration of intravenous antibiotics, is the gold standard. Surgery is indicated in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis but not in patients with sterile necrosis in the absence of deteriorating multi-organ failure despite maximal intensive care unit treatment, or other specific surgical complications. At our institution, out of 44 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis 29 (66%) had sterile necrosis and were managed conservatively while 15 (34%) had infected pancreatic necrosis and were treated by necrosectomy and continuous closed retroperitoneal lavage. There were two deaths resulting in an overall mortality of 5% in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999 Jul
PMID:Changing concepts in the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. 1103 Jun 8

When assessing the indications for interventional endoscopy, obstructive and non-obstructive causes of acute pancreatitis should be distinguished. In non-obstructive (e.g. alcoholic) pancreatitis, no data are available proving any benefit for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy. In obstructive (e.g. biliary) pancreatitis, the pathogenetic role of gallstones is controversial. The vast majority of gallstones initiating biliary pancreatitis pass spontaneously through the papilla of Vater into the duodenum without causing cholangitis or obstructive jaundice. Three prospective randomized published studies have attempted to answer the question of whether urgent removal of the stone improves the prognosis of patients suffering from acute pancreatitis. From these studies it can be concluded that the use of ERCP in acute biliary pancreatitis should depend on biliary symptoms: in cases of obstructive jaundice or cholangitis, bile duct stones should be removed as soon as possible; in patients without biliary complications, emergency ERCP is neither beneficial nor cost-effective; if retained stones (without biliary complications) are suspected, they can be removed electively.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999 Jul
PMID:Role of ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute pancreatitis. 1103 Jun 10

Conventional wisdom has previously dictated that, in order to avoid stimulation of pancreatic secretion during acute pancreatitis, and thus avoid the perpetuation of the enzymatic activation from which the pancreatitis originated, enteral feeding should be avoided. With greater understanding of the potential role of the gastrointestinal tract in the development of a systemic inflammatory response within a number of scenarios, this dogma has recently been challenged. Moreover, there is some evidence to suggest that starving the gastrointestinal tract and providing nutritional support via the parenteral route may be associated with an increased incidence of septic complications. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that feeding the gut may diminish intestinal permeability to endotoxin and diminish bacterial translocation, thus reducing the cytokine drive to the generalized inflammatory response and preventing organ dysfunction. Preliminary experience suggests that the institution of jejunal (but not gastric or duodenal) nutrition within 48 hours of the onset of severe acute pancreatitis diminishes endotoxic exposure, diminishes the cytokine and systemic inflammatory responses, avoids antioxidant consumption and does not cause the radiological appearances of the pancreas to deteriorate. These observations are paralleled by improvements in clinical outcome measures such as intensive care unit stay, septic complications and mortality. Whist parenteral nutrition continues to have a role in the management of acute pancreatitis particularly when complicated by fistulae or prolonged ileus, the early introduction of jejunal nutrition merits further investigation in acute pancreatitis.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999 Jul
PMID:Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis. 1103 Jun 11

Recently, a concept of 'autoimmune pancreatitis' (AIP) was proposed. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasonography show a diffusely enlarged pancreas with a so-called 'sausage-like' appearance. Hypergammaglobulinaemia, increased serum levels of total IgG or IgG4, positive autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibody, anti-lactoferrin antibody, anti-CA-II antibody, rheumatoid factor and anti-smooth muscle antibody, were often observed in patients with AIP. Microscopic findings showed fibrotic changes with infiltration of lymphocytes, plasmacytes and sometimes eosinophils in the pancreas. Major subgroups of lymphocytes infiltrating areas around pancreatic ducts were CD4(+) T-cells producing IFN-gamma. HLA-DR was expressed on pancreatic duct cells as well as CD4(+) cells. The diagnosis is made by a combination of clinical, laboratory and morphological findings. Laboratory data, pancreas images and diabetes mellitus in most patients do respond to steroid treatment. In conclusion, autoimmune-related pancreatitis appears to be a unique clinical entity. However, its importance in clinical practice needs further characterization.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002 Jun
PMID:Clinical relevance of autoimmune-related pancreatitis. 1207 63

Acute and chronic pancreatitis remain among the most recalcitrant of all diseases to investigation and intervention. In the majority of patients, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with development of the disease. Therefore, several theories have been proposed seeking to explain the relationship between alcohol and the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis. However, recent investigations in hereditary pancreatitis provided important insights into chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis and offer an important model for understanding pancreatic inflammation. This article highlights several advances gained from investigating hereditary pancreatitis kindreds, and reviews the TIGAR-O risk/aetiology classification system. Finally, the major independent theories on development of chronic pancreatitis are reviewed with respect to the SAPE hypothesis of chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002 Jun
PMID:Hereditary pancreatitis: a model for inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. 1207 62

Except for a minority of early fatalities, most deaths in acute pancreatitis occur after the first 7 to 10 days due to infective complications, particularly infected necrosis. Hence, preventing this risk factor seems to represent a major step forward in the clinical management of severe pancreatitis. Consequently, antibiotics emerged as a cornerstone of the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. The duration of such treatment, the route of administration and the substance(s) of choice need to be carefully selected. Surgical debridement is the treatment of choice of infected necrosis, while percutaneous drainage is successful in some patients.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002 Jun
PMID:Pancreatic sepsis: prevention and therapy. 1207 64

Progress on the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has involved advances in medical and surgical care with important contributions from disciplines such as radiology and intensive care. In the last decade large randomized controlled trials have been undertaken that demonstrate the improved patient outcomes. There is an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis and a variety of familial cancer syndromes. The optimum outcome from pancreatic cancer needs management by multidisciplinary teams in regional specialist units. Endoscopic stenting, good pain relief and pancreatic enzyme supplementation are the basis of care in advanced pancreatic cancer. Chemotherapy prolongs survival in advanced pancreatic cancer with little to be gained using drugs other than 5FU. Resection, if possible, prolongs life and provides the best quality of life. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is of no benefit but chemotherapy may improve survival. Alongside the evolution in clinical management has been the elucidation of the molecular events that underlie pancreatic cancer and this knowledge has guided the introduction of targeted treatments for pancreatic cancer.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002 Jun
PMID:Surgical and medical therapy for pancreatic carcinoma. 1207 68

Shock and pancreatitis are closely associated. Shock can be a sequel of severe pancreatitis and systemic shock may induce pancreatitis. This chapter discusses both features with regard to their clinical and pathophysiological characteristics.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003 Jun
PMID:Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Shock and acute pancreatitis. 1276

Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia is characterized by gastrointestinal ischaemia with normal vessels. In gastroenterology it is recognized as rare disease occasionally causing acute bowel infarction or ischaemic colitis. From intensive care literature this disorder is recognized as an early phenomenon during circulatory stress. This early mucosal ischaemia then leads to increased permeability, bacterial translocation, and further mucosal hypoperfusion. The damage is produced mainly during reperfusion following ischaemia with fresh inflow of oxygen and outflow of waste products into the systemic circulation. The mechanisms underlying non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia include macrovascular vasoconstriction, hypoperfusion of the tips of the villi and shunting. It is very common in critically ill and perioperative patients, but also occurs in pancreatitis, renal failure and sepsis. Treatment options include aggressive fluid resuscitation and careful choice of vasoactive drugs. Control of reperfusion damage and new endothelin-antagonists are potentially useful new treatment options.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003 Jun
PMID:Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia: a common disorder in gastroenterology and intensive care. 1276 7

Chronic, excessive alcohol consumption is clearly associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis. However, both clinical and laboratory studies have demonstrated that alcohol consumption alone does not directly cause pancreatitis. Growing evidence suggests that environmental and possibly genetic cofactors must also be present before the mechanisms protecting the pancreas from pancreatitis are circumvented and pancreatitis develops. The discovery that mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene (R122H, N29I) predisposed to acute and chronic pancreatitis focused attention on possible genetic predispositions. Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene, however, are rarely associated with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Mutations in the SPINK1 gene (e.g. N34S) provide a threefold increased risk, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations continue to be investigated. However, the major cofactor associated with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis is yet to be identified.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003 Aug
PMID:Genetic polymorphisms in alcoholic pancreatitis. 1282 58


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