Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030305 (pancreatitis)
 16,014 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In some patients, gallstones are asymptomatic, lying dormant in the gallbladder or wedged in the cystic duct. In others, stones cause specific symptoms of gallbladder disease, such as biliary colic, acute cholecystitis, or cholangitis. Symptoms of flatulent dyspepsia are not markers of gallstone disease, since they occur equally in those with and without gallstones. Complications of gallstone disease include pancreatitis, biliary-enteric fistulas, hydrops, limy bile, porcelain gallsbladder, and carcinoma of the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is indicated for symptomatic gallstones; for suspected stones in diabetics, who are at high risk should complications of gallstone disease occur; and in a few other limited situations. Prophylactic cholecystectomy for asymptomatic gallstones remains controversial.
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PMID:Manifestations of gallstone disease. 48 73

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones is a safe and well-tolerated procedure. Patients are now treated without general anesthesia and, increasingly, on an outpatient basis. Skin petechiae and transient hematuria are the most common side effects. Episodes of biliary colic are common in the follow-up period, but more serious adverse side effects such as cholecystitis and pancreatitis are distinctly uncommon. It is estimated that only 15% to 20% of all patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis are suitable lithotripsy candidates. As our knowledge of the procedure grows, it seems clear that the best results are obtained in patients with solitary radiolucent stones less than or equal to 20 mm, with stone-free rates at 12 months above 80%, for this selected group of patients. Adjuvant oral bile-acid dissolution therapy should be used in conjunction with gallstone lithotripsy. Gallstone recurrence remains to be established by clinical studies. Therapy for gallstones in 1991 has to be reevaluated by an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account not only open cholecystectomy, but also other modalities such as medical dissolution, laparoscopic surgery, percutaneous cholecystolithotomy and extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The appeal of the laparoscopic approach will substantially reduce the pool of patients for lithotripsy. Nevertheless, lithotripsy will continue to be a viable treatment option for patients with a single radiolucent stone. It is an outpatient procedure and doesn't require any incision or general anesthesia.
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PMID:[Extracorporeal gallbladder lithotripsy: technology, practical methods, results and current value]. 133 49

A series of 200 consecutive patients were considered for laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy was attempted in 195 cases and was performed in 192 cases. Laparoscopy was performed in five patients, but laparoscopic cholecystectomy was not attempted owing to dense adhesions (3), cholangiocarcinoma (1) and an absent gallbladder (1). The indications for operation were symptomatic gallstones which included biliary colic (142), acute cholecystitis (49) and gallstone pancreatitis (9). The median duration of operation was 75 min. Operative cholangiography was attempted in 151 (77%) of cases, and was successful in 85% of attempts. Laparoscopic common bile duct visualisation was performed three times with successful stone extraction twice. The other common bile duct was normal. The median duration of postoperative hospital stay was 2 days, for return to normal activity 6 days, and for return to work 10 days. Mean analgesic and antiemetic requirements were approximately one-third of those for open cholecystectomy. Of the patients, 94% reported good or excellent overall satisfaction and 96% reported excellent cosmetic results. Seven complications occurred (4%). Three patients had immediate conversion to laparotomy owing to haemorrhage (2) and gallbladder rupture (1). Four patients required laparotomy for postoperative complications (common bile duct damage, slipped clips from cystic duct, perforated duodenum and leaking accessory hepatic duct). No complications occurred in the last 140 cases. These data suggest that laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy reduces the discomfort of laparotomy and allows a shorter postoperative recovery. The operation has a learning curve, but will ultimately be applicable to the majority of patients with symptomatic gallstones.
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PMID:Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy: our first 200 patients. 141 73

Though laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become widespread, questions remain as to its success rate, its role in acute cholecystitis, the role of cholangiography, and whether laser use is necessary. To attempt to answer these questions, the first 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Emory University using electrosurgical diathermy were reviewed. Patients underwent cholecystectomy for biliary colic (87), gallstone pancreatitis (1), and acute cholecystitis (12). The average length of hospital stay was 29 hours (range: 12 hours to 5 days). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was not possible in 7 patients because of gangrenous cholecystitis (2), adhesions from previous surgery (2), equipment failure (2), and choledochoduodenal fistula found at surgery (1). Two patients developed bile leaks from accessory bile ducts that healed spontaneously. There were no other complications. The average time required to complete the laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 115 minutes (range: 45 to 238 minutes) and was not significantly different in those patients undergoing intraoperative cholangiography (117 minutes) versus those without (109 minutes). Common duct stones were uncommon in this series. Thirty-three patients underwent intraoperative cholangiogram. One patient was found to have a common duct stone, which was pushed into the duodenum using a Fogarty catheter (American Edwards Laboratories; Anasco, Puerto Rico) inserted through the cystic duct at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Twelve patients with acute cholecystitis underwent an attempt at laparoscopic cholecystectomy that was successful in nine. These procedures were difficult and lengthy (mean of 143 minutes). Causes for failure were gangrenous cholecystitis (2) and equipment failure (1). In conclusion, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed with a high success rate (93%) and low morbidity (2%). No complications seemed attributable to electrosurgical dissection.
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PMID:Electrosurgical laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 153 95

Safety and efficacy of shock-wave lithotripsy and bile acid dissolution therapy of patients with gallbladder calculi with a radiopaque rim were evaluated. Eighty-six patients with symptomatic solitary stones were treated by this noninvasive therapy and were followed up to 18 months. Three different lithotripsy treatment modalities were used. Up to 1600 shock wave discharges were applied. Patients in group A (n = 20) were treated with an electrohydraulic water-bath lithotripter at a discharge voltage of 18 +/- 1 kV (mean +/- SD), group B patients (n = 25) were treated with an electrohydraulic water-cushion lithotripter at 19 +/- 2 kV, and group C patients were treated (n = 41) with the same lithotripter at 22 +/- 2 kV. Five to eight months after lithotripsy, 15% in group A were free of fragments compared with only 4% in group B (NS vs. group A), and 38% in group C had no stones (NS vs. group A; P = 0.007 vs. B). Thirteen to eighteen months after lithotripsy, the respective results were 59% in group A, 37% in group B (NS vs. group A), and 68% in group C (NS vs. group A; P = 0.05 vs. group B). Patients with fragments of less than or equal to 3 mm in diameter showed significantly better fragment clearance than those with larger fragments. The frequency of adverse effects was not significantly different between the three groups. Biliary colic occurred in 43% of the patients and mild biliary pancreatitis in 3 patients. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was required in 1 patient, and elective cholecystectomy was performed in 6 patients. Using a water-cushion lithotripter at high-power setting, selected patients with solitary gallbladder stones with a radiopaque rim may be treated safely and successfully by shock-wave lithotripsy combined with bile acid dissolution therapy.
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PMID:Noninvasive therapy of gallbladder calculi with a radiopaque rim. 153 35

The safety and efficacy of piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the treatment of symptomatic gallbladder stones were evaluated in 53 consecutively treated patients. All treatments were performed as outpatients without anesthesia; over 95 per cent of 109 treatments were performed without analgesia or sedation. Ursodeoxycholic acid was administered post-treatment. Seventy per cent of patients had multiple sessions. Cumulative stone-free rates of 38 per cent at 6 months, 65 per cent at 12 months, and 75 per cent at 15 months were achieved. There was no difference in eventual stone clearance between patients with single stones less than 20 mm diameter, single stones greater than or equal to 20 mm diameter, or multiple (two or three) stones, although patients with single smaller stones required significantly fewer total shocks to become stone-free (P = .02). Stone clearance correlated with estimated stone volume. Biliary pain occurred in 62 per cent of patients after treatment but ceased in stone-free patients. Biliary complications of pancreatitis (7.5%) and choledocholithiasis (3.8%) were successfully treated by endoscopic papillotomy. Nonbiliary complications were virtually nonexistent. Three patients (5.7%) had elective cholecystectomy. Results indicate that piezoelectric lithotripsy is a safe, minimally painful treatment that, in conjunction with oral bile acids, can produce stone-free rates of 75 to 100 per cent in selected patients.
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PMID:Clinical results of piezoelectric gallstone lithotripsy. 158 83

From a computerized database comprising 28 pertinent items in each of a consecutive series of 664 patients with cholelithiasis, differences were studied between men and women. In 52 patients there was a documented attack of acute pancreatitis (7.8%). Twenty-five of 174 men had pancreatitis, compared with 27 of 490 women (p less than 0.0001). Men developed gallstones later in life than women, but suffered gallstone pancreatitis earlier in life and in the course of their gallstone-related disease. A history of flatulent dyspepsia, chronic cholecystitis, and biliary colic was less common in men than in women with pancreatitis (p less than 0.0001). Men with pancreatitis had fewer stones in their gallbladders than did women (p = 0.0002). The cystic duct and the common bile duct in the pancreatitic patient were more likely to be dilated (p less than 0.0001). In the nonpancreatic group, these ducts were larger in men. Pancreatic duct reflux on operative cholangiography was more common both in patients with pancreatitis 62% cf 14% (p less than 0.0001), and in men (p less than 0.001). Predisposition to pancreatitis relates to duct size rather than stone size per se. Men are more susceptible to gallstone migration at an early stage of their disease. In addition they have a larger diameter duct system and possibly a different anatomic disposition of the sphincter of Oddi, which predisposes them to a higher incidence of pancreatitis than women. The data suggest that it is cystic duct size that is critical in the pathogenesis of gallstone pancreatitis.
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PMID:Sex differences in gallstone pancreatitis. 144 54

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a new, minimaly invasive technique for removing the gallbladder which has several advantages over the traditional laparotomy cholecystectomy. We reviewed our initial experience with 100 consecutive patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted. The indications for operation were biliary colic, chronic cholecystitis, acute gallbladder and gallstone pancreatitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was successfully performed in 87 patients. Anaesthesia time was 144 +/- 52 min. There was no mortality while overall morbidity was 14%. One patient had a retained common bile duct stone. Postoperative hospital stay was 4.1 +/- 2.2 days and the mean time to full activity in a random sample of 25 patients was 13.7 +/- 11.7 days. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe effective procedure which removes the gallbladder. We suggest that this technique be considered in all patients undergoing cholecystectomy.
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PMID:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a hundred consecutive cases. 182 60

Since June 1990, five girls and one boy have been evaluated for biliary colic. Gallstones were documented by sonography. Two girls, ages 8 and 14 years, had hereditary spherocytosis, and a 9-year-old boy had sickle cell disease. The other three girls, ages 13, 13, and 15 years, developed cholelithiasis and biliary colic without a history of hematological disease. Three children weighed less than 90 lb, with the smallest weighing 45 lb. All patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy without complications. Operative cholangiography was performed in five of the six children. The KTP-532 laser was used for dissection of the gallbladder from the liver bed in two patients, and electrocautery was used in the remaining four. The average operating time was 1 hour 45 minutes. This is a report of the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients. The advantages of its use include a shorter hospitalization, decreased postoperative discomfort, and a much shorter interval between the surgical procedure and return to normal activities such as school and play. At this time, it is recommended for those children without complications from their cholelithiasis such as common duct obstruction and gallstone pancreatitis.
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PMID:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediatric patient. 183 14

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been reported to be a safe and relatively effective non-invasive treatment for radiolucent gallbladder calculi in selected patients. Ideally, the goal of successful treatment is the passage of all fragments from the gallbladder into the intestinal tract. Biliary colic has been reported in up to 35% of treated patients, although complications such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, common bile duct obstruction, and pancreatitis are surprisingly infrequent. Cholescintigraphy is the procedure of choice in patients with biliary colic and suspected acute cholecystitis. It has proven to be more sensitive than ultrasound in detecting acute common bile duct (CBD) obstruction, since functional obstruction precedes morphologic dilatation of the CBD. This report reviews two cases of post-lithotripsy cystic and common duct obstruction and discusses the role of Tc-DISIDA scintigraphy following gallstone ESWL.
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PMID:Biliary complications of gallstone lithotripsy detected by Tc-99m DISIDA scintigraphy. 203 26


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