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Query: UMLS:C0030305 (pancreatitis)
 16,014 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcoholic liver disease includes steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Other liver diseases of genetic origin, but with a curious association with alcohol intake, are hemochromatosis and porphyria cutanea tarda. The attribution of chronic hepatitis to alcohol intake remains speculative, and the association may reflect hepatitis C infection. Hepatic injury attributed to alcohol includes the changes reported in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Steatosis, the characteristic consequence of excess alcohol intake, is usually macrovesicular and rarely microvesicular. Acute intrahepatic cholestasis, which in rare instances accompanies steatosis, must be distinguished from other causes of intrahepatic cholestasis (e.g., drug-induced) and from mechanical obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts (e.g., pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis) before being accepted. Alcoholic hepatitis (steatonecrosis) is characterized by a constellation of lesions: steatosis, Mallory bodies (with or without a neutrophilic inflammatory response), megamitochondria, occlusive lesions of terminal hepatic venules, and a lattice-like pattern of pericellular fibrosis. All these lesions mainly affect zone 3 of the hepatic acinus. Other changes, observed at the ultrastructural level, are of importance in progression of the disease. They include widespread cytoplasmic shedding, and capillarization and defenestration of sinusoids. Progressive fibrosis complicating alcoholic hepatitis eventually leads to cirrhosis that is typically micronodular but can evolve to a mixed or macronodular pattern. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs in 5 to 15% of patients with alcoholic liver disease. The clinical syndrome of alcoholic liver disease is the result of three factors--parenchymal insufficiency, portal hypertension and the clinical consequences of extrahepatic damage produced by alcohol. At the several phases of the life history of alcoholic liver disease, the individual factors play a different role. The clinical manifestations of alcoholic steatosis are mainly extrahepatic in origin. Those of alcoholic hepatitis reflect mainly parenchymal insufficiency and those of cirrhosis are mainly those of portal hypertension. Alcoholic liver injury appears to be generated by the effects of ethanol metabolism and the toxic effects of acetaldehyde, perhaps the immune responses to alcohol- or acetaldehyde-altered proteins, and questionably enhanced by viral hepatitis. Alcoholic hepatitis may be mimicked histologically, and to a varying degree clinically, by a number of conditions (obesity, diabetes, several drug-induced injuries, jejunoileal bypass, and related "shortcircuiting" of the bowel). Perhaps the most important facet of the hepatotoxicity of alcohol is its enhancement of the effects of a number of other hepatotoxic agents, among which acetaminophen is the prime example.
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PMID:Alcoholic liver disease: pathologic, pathogenetic and clinical aspects. 205 45

The Sugiura Procedure (SP) was performed in 27 patients with hemorrhagic portal hypertension secondary to extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis without associated liver disease (EPVT). There were fourteen females and 13 males. Mean age was 28 +/- 14 years. The causes of EPVT were: protein C deficiency-2 cases, antithrombin III deficiency-1 case, omphalitis history-2 cases, pancreatitis history-1 case and idiopathic-21 cases. The SP was completed with two surgical stages in 14 patients and with one operation in nine. There was one operative death. One patient developed mild postoperative encephalopathy, and two patients re-bled at long-term. Actuarial survival was 82% at five and ten years. It is concluded that the SP is a good alternative for the management of hemorrhagic portal hypertension secondary to EPVT.
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PMID:[Surgical treatment of hemorrhage of esophageal varices secondary to thrombosis of the portal vein]. 209 Nov 89

Chronic pancreatitis are mainly classified as chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP) and chronic obstructive pancreatitis (COP). The first classification was performed in 1963 and reproposed in 1984. Clinical symptoms and natural history of chronic pancreatitis are presented. Pre-operative clinico-radiological findings may be pathognomonic of the disease. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and per-operative pancreatography and cholangiography are extremely useful for diagnostic purpose. Chronic pancreatitis may induce local inflammatory complications (pseudocysts, chronic serosal effusions, fistulae) duodenal stenosis and segmental portal hypertension. A strict correlation of clinico-pathological findings is very important in the diagnostic procedure of chronic pancreatitis. Intraoperative diagnosis (either histologic, either cytologic) is of paramount importance in the diagnosis of a pancreatic mass. Histology is prominent in the definition of the specific form of pancreatitis.
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PMID:[Clinico-diagnostic aspects of chronic pancreatitis]. 209 38

Biliary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is an extremely rare tumour. Less than 50 cases have been reported. It is usually a multilocular cystic tumour covered with mucous producing epithelium, with papillary excrescences containing mucinous mass arising from bile ducts. The size of the tumour varies from 3.5 to 25 cm in diameter. It is more frequent in women. The majority of patients belong to the middle age population. We present a 63-year-old man who had been suffering from an epigastric and right subcostal pain of unknown aetiology for over 35 years. During the last 10 years he suffered from multiple attacks of cholangitis with high temperature, rigor, chills, pain and obstructive jaundice. Five years ago he had the attack of pancreatitis with retroperitoneal fatty necrosis for which he was operated on in another institution and cholecystectomy and pancreatic necrectomy were carried out. The attacks of cholangitis continued they were more serious and more frequent until June 1987, when the "cyst" in the left lobe of the liver, dilated bile ducts and "polyps" in the common bile duct were diagnosed by ultrasonography. During the operation advanced biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, very dilated common bile duct full of jelly and the "cyst" in the liver filled with jelly, were found. The removal of the jelly and choledochojejunostomy resulted in temporary relief. Two months later he was reoperated for recurrent obstructive jaundice during which left lobectomy, partial excision of the cyst and cystojejunostomy between the rest of the cyst and another Roux-en-Y jejunal limb, were carried out.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Biliary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the liver]. 221 37

Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly and hypersplenism carries a significant morbidity and mortality. We have used partial splenic embolization (PSE) as an effective alternative to splenectomy. Ten PSE procedures were performed on nine patients without mortality and with minimal morbidity. The age of the patients ranged from 8 months to 32 years (mean 14 years). The causes of splenomegaly and hypersplenism included cystic fibrosis with cirrhosis (2), tyrosinemia and cirrhosis (1); thalassemia (1), hemophilia with Human Immune Deficiency Virus infection (2), chronic hepatitis with portal hypertension (1), malignant histiocytosis (1), and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (1). All procedures were performed under local anesthesia with sedation. A percutaneous femoral artery approach to the splenic artery was used to deliver Ivalon sponge particles (280-800 microns) into the spleen. Splenic infarction was assessed by postembolization angiograms. All of the patients except one demonstrated improvement of hematologic parameters. In one patient, however, cytopenia improved only after a second embolization. In the total series, there was an early mean rise of 8,600/mm3 in the leukocyte count (range 2,900-14,900) and 212,000/mm3 in the platelet count (range 30,000-718,000). Follow-up ranged from 4 months to 7 years. Improvement of the blood picture has been persistent in seven of the eight patients who showed initial improvement. Transient procedural complications included fever (5), pleural effusion (2), pneumonia (1), and splenic abscess (1). One patient had paralytic ileus lasting for 10 days and one patient developed a streptococcal peritonitis 3 weeks after embolization. No patient developed pancreatitis or vascular compromise of other abdominal viscera.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Partial splenic embolization. An effective alternative to splenectomy for hypersplenism. 226 5

Correct diagnostic evaluation of chronic pancreatitis pictures must of necessity be directed to recognition of recurrent and stable forms and identification of the pathogenetic cause of the clinical forms. This objective seems to be achieved more than satisfactions by the diagnostic protocol employed personally, the first stages of which include X-ray of the abdomen for the identification of possible pancreatic calcification, ultrasonography and computed axial tomography for the analysis of organ's morphology and structure, intestinal absorption and pharmacodynamic tests of the papillary excretory complex for the evaluation of functional state of the pancreas. At a second time, this diagnostic protocol includes endoscopic pancreatography for the analysis of the excretory duct and identification of possible calcareous concretions in its lumen, and district angiography, for information on the extreme viscero-vascular implications and the possibility of coexistence of district portal hypertension pictures. The resulting information dominates therapeutic choices by indicating the usefulness of performing a papillo-sphincteroplasty to handle the biliary aetiology in recurrent forms and Wirsung septoplasty for ductal ostial stenoses. The choice of shunts and resections is confirmed to the stable forms, with the use of the former in the event of ductal dilatation and of the latter in the absence of this and in the presence of more or less marked gland fibrosis. Derivative procedures also control treatment of chronic post-pancreatitis pseudocyst, with a clear-cut prevalence of cysto-gastric shunts over all the other possibilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Criteria of diagnostic evaluation and results of surgical treatment in chronic pancreatitis]. 228 Aug 73

Literature data and original clinical evidence are reviewed concerning diagnostic and treatment aspects of splenic artery aneurysms (SAA). Five cases of aneurysms of the splenic artery trunk in 4 females and 1 male aged 23-54 are described. There was a case of a false SAA due to previous abdominal trauma and consequent pancreatitis. In another case SAA combined with cavernous hepatic hemangioma. Portal hypertension resultant from hepatic cirrhosis was seen in 3 out of 5 SAA cases. Two patients underwent embolization of the artery trunk proximally from SAA, three patients--ligation of the splenic artery with removal of the SAA and the spleen. Current methods of investigation are believed capable of SAA diagnosis before fatal complications, with differential approach to SAA evaluation warranting definition of surgical treatment scope.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of diagnosis and treatment of aneurysms of the splenic artery]. 228 19

The incidence of chronic pancreatitis in China is unknown. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), surgery, and autopsy demonstrated that chronic pancreatitis in China is mainly secondary to cholelithiasis and other diseases of the bile ducts. Stones in the common bile duct, both intra- and extrahepatic, are extremely frequent in China. Such patients may have scores, even hundreds, of stones filling the common bile duct and its radicles. Biliary tract disease constitutes the etiology of chronic pancreatitis in 40-50% of our patients. The prolongation of necrosis, abscess, or pseudocyst after acute pancreatitis may also lead to chronic inflammation of the pancreas, as may a diverticulum at the second part of the duodenum. The pancreatitis observed in China is apt to be of the chronic relapsing type. Pancreatic ductal stones and ascaris lumbricoides may sometimes be associated with chronic inflammation of the pancreas; however, the cause of chronic pancreatitis is obscure in a large segment of the patients. Beside the ordinary clinical manifestation of chronic pancreatitis, such as abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, and steatorrhea, regional (splenic) portal hypertension may be observed. ERCP has been useful in diagnosis, and the major changes found in the pancreatic duct are discussed. Since the symptoms and signs of chronic pancreatitis in China are usually mild or moderate, the patient with intractable pain is uncommon, most being treated with medication. Most surgical procedures utilized to treat chronic pancreatitis are related to the biliary system, such as cholecystectomy with internal or external drainage of the choledochus. Internal drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst, partial pancreatectomy, and pancreaticojejunostomy are also performed, as indicated, but are less frequent.
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PMID:Chronic pancreatitis in China: etiology and management. 240 36

Hemorrhage is one of the most life-threatening complications of pancreatitis. It is usually due to erosion of a major pancreatic or peripancreatic vessel with massive bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity, or to formation and subsequent rupture of an arterial pseudoaneurysm. In addition, the inflammatory process of pancreatitis may cause thrombosis of the portal vein or its main tributaries, the splenic and superior mesenteric veins, resulting in compartmental portal hypertension with gastric, mesenteric, or colonic varices. Variceal hemorrhage is not an uncommon vascular complication of pancreatitis. The use of the newer, noninvasive imaging modalities of US, duplex Doppler US, and bolus-dynamic CT; earlier use of diagnostic and therapeutic angiography; and a more aggressive surgical approach have led to significant reductions in morbidity and mortality rates for patients with vascular complications secondary to pancreatitis. The radiologic diagnosis of vascular complications can be accomplished with US, CT, and angiography. US and CT may show formation of arterial pseudoaneurysms, evidence of hemorrhage into a pancreatic pseudocyst or fluid collection, or portal venous thrombosis with development of varices. The presence of flow in a pseudoaneurysm, or absence of flow due to portal venous thrombosis, can be confirmed by contrast-enhanced dynamic CT or duplex Doppler US. Angiography should be utilized in all patients, if possible, to show the precise site and source of bleeding. Although active bleeding can be diagnosed only by detection of contrast extravasation, the source of bleeding often can be identified by demonstration of an underlying vascular abnormality, such as a pseudoaneurysm or varices. Patients who are hemodynamically stable and who have angiographic evidence of bleeding can be treated with transcatheter embolization. This may result in permanent control of the bleeding, providing definitive treatment, or temporary control, thus allowing surgery to be performed on an elective or semi-emergent basis. Patients who are unstable or who have vascular involvement that is not amenable to transcatheter embolization should have emergency surgery. Preoperative angiography should be performed prior to surgery, if possible. Angiography can show the surgeon the exact vessel involved, as well as the surrounding vascular anatomy, thus facilitating the surgical approach. In selected patients, occlusion balloon catheters can be employed to obtain hemostasis during or after pancreatic surgery.
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PMID:Vascular complications of pancreatitis. 264 79

Postoperative treatment after pancreas surgery is concentrated on the function of the exocrine and endocrine part of the gland. While functional disturbances of the endocrine pancreas may give rise to serious problems associated with diabetes, functional disturbances of the exocrine pancreas are less important. On the other hand, flow disorders of the exocrine pancreas may lead to pancreatitis, fistulas, cysts, and abdominal sepsis. Pancreatic tumours are not infrequently apudomas whose biology has an important bearing on the after-treatment. Thrombophlebitic splenomegaly may lead to portal and possibly to segmental portal hypertension. In this event, a careful follow-up examination will be needed to decide whether further surgery is necessary.
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PMID:[After-care following surgery of the pancreas]. 267 64


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