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Query: UMLS:C0030201 (Postoperative pain)
 1,085 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pain represents the most feared symptom of illness but for many years it has been underestimated in children. Only recently has analgesic treatment become an integral part in the assistance of ill children with acute pain, such as postoperative pain, and with chronic pain. Postoperative pain is a complication of surgery: postoperative pain prevention should replace the current theory and practice of postoperative treatment through the creation of ''pain services'' and adequate pain prevention planning. Pain prevention begins in the preoperative period, continues in the operating theaters and in the postoperative phase. A multimodal approach should employ techniques of loco-regional anesthesia using a variety of agents from opioids to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or paracetamol. The techniques we currently use to control procedural pain are both medical and nonmedical. Nonmedical interventions such as distraction, muscular relaxation, and guided imagination for pain control are psychological techniques showing very good results in those children who must undergo various procedures. The medical treatment must guarantee both sedation and effective analgesia. Our medical approach includes local anaesthesia, conscious sedation, deep sedation, and general anaesthesia.
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PMID:Methodologies for the treatment of acute and chronic nononcologic pain in children. 1766 Jul 39

Postoperative pain is a major health care issue. Several factors have contributed to inadequate postoperative pain control, including a lack of understanding of preemptive pain management strategies, mistaken beliefs and expectations of patients, inconsistencies in pain assessment practices, use of as-needed analgesics that patients must request, and lack of analgesic regimens that account for inter-individual differences and requirements. Untreated acute pain has the potential to produce acute neurohumoral changes, neuronal remodeling, and long-lasting psychological and emotional distress, and may lead to prolonged chronic pain states. To effectively manage postoperative pain, nurses must be able to adequately assess pain severity in diverse patient populations, understand how to monitor physiological changes associated with pain and its treatment, be prepared to address the psychosocial experiences accompanying pain, and know the consequences of inadequate analgesia. It is important for nurses to be aware of relevant research and evidence-based guidelines that are available to guide pain assessments and patient-monitoring practices.
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PMID:Assessment, physiological monitoring, and consequences of inadequately treated acute pain. 1829 90

Postoperative pain is a major health care issue. Several factors have contributed to inadequate postoperative pain control, including a lack of understanding of preemptive pain management strategies, mistaken beliefs and expectations of patients, inconsistencies in pain assessment practices, use of as-needed analgesics that patients must request, and lack of analgesic regimens that account for interindividual differences and requirements. Untreated acute pain has the potential to produce acute neurohumoral changes, neuronal remodeling, and long-lasting psychologic and emotional distress and may lead to prolonged chronic pain states. To effectively manage postoperative pain, nurses must be able to adequately assess pain severity in diverse patient populations, understand how to monitor physiologic changes associated with pain and its treatment, be prepared to address the psychosocial experiences accompanying pain, and know the consequences of inadequate analgesia. It is important for nurses to be aware of relevant research and evidence-based guidelines that are available to guide pain assessments and patient monitoring practices.
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PMID:Assessment, physiological monitoring, and consequences of inadequately treated acute pain. 1822 90

The middle cingulate cortex (MCC) has been implicated in pain processing by studies of cingulotomy for chronic pain and imaging studies documenting increased MCC blood flow in response to acute pain. The only previous report of quantitative sensory testing following cingulotomy described increased intensity and unpleasantness ratings of painful hot and cold stimuli in a single patient with psychiatric disease. We now report a case in which perception of pain and temperature was assessed before and after cingulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Positron emission tomographic (PET) studies of the blood flow response to acute pain were carried out using a single subject design which allowed for statistical evaluation of postoperative blood flow changes in this case. Postoperatively, the patient demonstrated increased intensity and unpleasantness ratings of painful thermal waterbath stimuli. The PET studies demonstrated preoperative contact heat pain-evoked activation of the bilateral MCC/SMA (supplementary motor area) and the left (contralateral) fronto-parietal operculum. Postoperative pain-evoked activation was demonstrated in the right (ipsilateral) parasylvian cortex but not of the MCC/SMA. Prior studies of forebrain lesions, and of cortical synchrony during the application of painful stimuli suggest the presence of functional connectivity between components of the MCC/SMA and the fronto-parietal opercula. Therefore present results suggest that cingulate lesions disinhibit ipsilateral parasylvian cortex and so are independent evidence of functional connectivity between these cortical areas, the defining characteristic of modules in a pain network.
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PMID:Quantitative somatic sensory testing and functional imaging of the response to painful stimuli before and after cingulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 1832 52

Intravenous administration of local anaesthetics has repeatedly been recommended for the treatment of chronic pain. Some authors have also reported on their use in postoperative pain management. However, most of these publications are case reports or refer to rather old studies or investigations based on study designs that fail to meet present scientific standards. We therefore performed a randomized prospective, double-blind study in 40 patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy, 20 of whom received an infusion of lidocaine at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg body weight (over 10 min) 30 min before the beginning of surgery, followed by 2 mg/kg body weight per h over 6 h and 0.5 mg/kg body weight per h for another 18 h. The patients in the control group received identical volumes of 0.9% NaCl solution. Mean lidocaine plasma concentrations determined 30 min and 3, 6, and 24 h after the beginning of surgery ranged between 2.29 and 0.58 mug/ml. Postoperative pain evaluation on the visual analogue scale and the 101-point numerical rating scale did not reveal,significantly lower pain scores in the lidocaine group than in the control group. During the first 24 h after surgery 12 patients in the lidocaine group required a total of 550 mg meperidine in addition, while 8 patients in the control group required a total of 300 mg meperidine. The postoperative meperidine consumption was not significantly diffent between the lidocaine group and the control group. Intravenous lidocaine infusion did not significantly reduce postoperative pain after tonsillectomy in the dosage used.
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PMID:[Is intravenous lidocaine infusion suitable for postoperative pain management?]. 1841 35

Postoperative pain and analgesic requirements may be associated with chronic pain. The aim of the study was to investigate this association. We studied 98 patients who had cancer breast surgery and served as controls in four previous studies, receiving placebo. We compared the pain and analgesic requirements 0-9 h and 1-6 days postoperatively: a) between patients with chronic pain 3 months postoperatively versus patients without and b) between those patients who consumed analgesics at home versus those who did not. Patients with chronic pain had experienced higher intensity pain at rest the first 9 postoperative hours (VAS-rest p = 0.033). Patients requiring analgesics at home had consumed postoperatively more opioids (p = 0.005) and more paracetamol (p = 0.037). These patients had experienced pain of higher intensity the first 9 postoperative hours (VAS-rest p = 0.022, VAS-movement p = 0.009) as well as during the six postoperative days (VAS-rest p = 0.013, VAS-movement p = 0.001). Higher intensities of acute postoperative pain are associated with chronic pain development. Higher analgesic needs and higher acute postoperatively pain intensity are associated with long-term analgesic consumption.
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PMID:Acute postoperative pain predicts chronic pain and long-term analgesic requirements after breast surgery for cancer. 1923 22

More than 75% of patients undergoing surgery suffer from acute pain. Most of this pain transforms into chronic pain. Currently, treatment of postoperative pain is based mainly on opioids, but results are not quite satisfactory. Postoperative pain is defined as a condition of tissue injury together with muscle spasm after surgery. Recently, peripheral and central sensitization has been shown within the mechanisms of postoperative pain generation. Accordingly, anti-convulsive drugs have been used successfully for the treatment of postoperative pain. Therefore, the issue of whether postoperative pain is purely a nociceptive pain remains a topic of debate. Considering that every surgical intervention might result in a nerve injury, it is not surprising to find neuropathic pain features within the postoperative pain itself. In light of these findings, it would be more precise to define postoperative pain as a combination of inflammatory and neuropathic components instead of as pure pain. Thus, the appropriate postoperative treatment should be planned involving both of these components.
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PMID:[Is postoperative pain only a nociceptive pain?]. 2058 45

Pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical care and the frequency of prescription of opioid analgesics by both primary care physicians and specialists has increased. It is therefore unsurprising that many patients with chronic pain who must undergo scheduled or emergency surgery will be on long-term medication, including opioids. Managing postoperative pain, even with high doses of drugs, seems to be more difficult in regular users of such analgesics, possibly because of an apparent association of opioid use with increased tolerance and hyperalgesia. Postoperative pain relief should be carefully tailored in these cases by means of a management plan worked out along with the patient. Adjuvants may be particularly useful; the most thoroughly studied adjuvants are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and ketamine. Regional anesthesia offers a particularly attractive approach when long-term users of opioids must undergo surgery.
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PMID:[Postoperative pain management for patients who are long-term users of opioid]. 2134 14

For drug therapy a differentiation of acute and chronic pain is essential. In emergency situations of acute abdominal pain a fast diagnosis is mandatory. Analgesia should be provided as soon as possible. The different groups of analgesics should be used according to their known effects, side effects and contraindications. Postoperative pain after abdominal surgery has to be considered as a special condition of acute abdominal pain. Main treatment options are non opioid analgesics and opioids. Opioids can be administered intravenously via patient controlled analgesia (PCA) devices. In major abdominal surgery neuroaxial analgesia, preferentially administered via an epidural catheter provides excellent pain relief with positive impact on gastrointestinal motility and patients' recovery. Because of difficulties to allocate chronic abdominal pain to a specific organ, causal treatment often turns out to be difficult. Peripheral and central sensitization, as well as an alteration of the endogenous pain modulation comes to the fore in these chronic pain conditions. Co-analgesics like anticonvulsants and antidepressants are utilized to reduce sensitization and improve the endogenous pain modulating system. Non drug approaches and alternative treatment options might be useful. In contrast, orally or transcutaneously administered opioids are the principal corner stone for the treatment of cancer pain.
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PMID:[Drug therapy of acute and chronic abdominal pain]. 2179 93

Pregabalin is a gamma-amino-butyric acid analog shown to be effective in several models of neuropathic pain, incisional injury, and inflammatory injury. In this review, the role of pregabalin in acute postoperative pain and in chronic pain syndromes has been discussed. Multimodal perioperative analgesia with the use of gabapentinoids has become common. Based on available evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis, the perioperative administration of pregabalin reduces opioid consumption and opioid-related adverse effects in the first 24 h following surgery. Postoperative pain intensity is however not consistently reduced by pregabalin. Adverse effects like visual disturbance, sedation, dizziness, and headache are associated with higher doses. The advantage of the perioperative use of pregabalin is so far limited to laparoscopic, gynecological, and daycare surgeries which are not very painful. The role of the perioperative administration of pregabalin in preventing chronic pain following surgery, its efficacy in more painful surgeries and surgeries done under regional anesthesia, and the optimal dosage and duration of perioperative pregabalin need to be studied. The efficacy of pregabalin in chronic pain conditions like painful diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, central neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia has been demonstrated.
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PMID:Pregabalin in acute and chronic pain. 2189 98


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