Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Spinal neuronal responses to stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent (CPS) fibers were studied in 25 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Eighty-two neurons located in the T7-T9 segments were tested for responses to electrical stimulation of CPS fibers. Activity of 55 neurons was altered; 37 were excited, 10 were inhibited, and 8 were both excited and inhibited. All 55 cells with CPS input also responded to stimulation of somatic receptors and the left greater splanchnic nerve (SPL). Somatic receptive fields were primarily located on the upper portion of the abdomen and left lower rib cage. Short and long latency responses occurred following CPS and SPL stimulation. Latencies of responses to CPS stimulation were significantly longer than latencies of responses to SPL stimulation (P less than 0.05). Early responses to CPS stimulation were significantly less in magnitude compared to early responses to SPL stimulation (P less than 0.05). Cell responses to CPS stimulation were reduced in magnitude for as long as 300 ms when a conditioning stimulus was applied to SPL. Inhibitory responses of 10 cells to CPS fiber stimulation were best observed during repetitive stimulation. Eight of the cells were also inhibited by repetitive stimulation of SPL. Injection of bradykinin (4 micrograms/kg) into the left atrium increased activity of 16/30 cells from 8 +/- 2 to 22 +/- 5 spikes/s. The results demonstrate that CPS fiber stimulation alters activity of lower thoracic spinal neurons but not as intensely as SPL stimulation. These neurons may participate in cardiac-abdominal visceral reflexes or the pain of cardiac origin that is referred to the abdomen.
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PMID:Cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent input to lower thoracic spinal neurons. 228 89

Operative treatments for recurrent dislocation of the shoulder usually focus on the subscapularis muscle because it is supposed to contribute to the joint stability. It is of clinical interest to record the EMG from the subscapularis muscle in order to interpret its function. The purpose of the present study was to describe a safe and reliable route to reach the muscle, deeply located between the scapula and the thoracic cage, with fine-wire EMG electrodes. Twenty-four shoulders were investigated in 12 volunteers. A hypodermic needle containing bipolar fine-wire electrodes was inserted in the posterior axillary line with the subjects in the supine position, and the arm held in an abducted and externally rotated position. Three criteria confirmed the location of the electrodes: experience of periosteal pain when the needle reached the costal surface of the scapula, drawing-in of the wires 3-4 cm when the subject adducted his arm, thereby rotating his scapula downward, and raw EMG recorded during typical movements. Additionally, in four shoulders, the electrode location was checked with computed tomography. There were no complications from this technique, and the subjects felt no pain from the fine-wire electrodes during arm movements. We conclude that the described technique is a safe and reliable method of reaching the subscapularis muscle with EMG electrodes.
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PMID:Electromyogram (EMG) recordings from the subscapularis muscle: description of a technique. 229 29

Fractures of the thoracic spine (T2-T12) should be considered as a separate entity because of the anatomic features of the rib cage and spinal canal in this region. Fifty-seven patients sustained this injury over a 10-year period (16% of thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar fractures). Twenty-eight fracture dislocations, 25 compression fractures, and 1 burst fracture were seen. Three injuries, combining elements of a burst fracture and a dislocation, were designated "burst-dislocations." Apart from compression fractures, a direct blow was often the implicated mechanism of injury. Significant associated injuries were uncommon. Fracture-dislocations were often associated with neurologic injury and compression fractures with long-term pain. Operative treatment appeared to afford the best results for stabilization and pain relief.
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PMID:Thoracic spine fractures. 265 81

1. The effects of beak trimming on 16-week-old Brown Leghorn hens, housed individually in battery cages, was assessed by comparing their behaviour after trimming with their behaviour before trimming and with the behaviour of a sham-operated control group. 2. In the short-term, times spent feeding, drinking and preening decreased. 3. In the long-term, times spent preening and pecking at the cage decreased and times spent standing inactive increased, with no signs of returning to pretreatment values after 5 weeks. 4. During the first three weeks, times spent feeding and drinking decreased and during the first two weeks, times spent sitting dozing increased, but after 5 weeks these had returned to near pre-treatment values. 5. It is argued that pain is the most probable cause of these behavioural changes. 6. The decrease in welfare to the individual bird caused by this pain will conflict with any increase in welfare to the flock brought about by beak trimming; this should be considered before any decision to beak trim is taken.
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PMID:Behavioural consequences of partial beak amputation (beak trimming) in poultry. 268 49

Four times daily from postnatal day 1 to 15, rats were stressed either by being removed from the maternity cage (manipulation stress, MS) or by being placed on a hotplate at 55 degrees C (pain stress, PS). When 70 days old, they were examined for sensitivity to pain and to the analgesic effect of morphine, and for brain opiate receptors. Pain sensitivity of MS and PS rats was not significantly different from that of controls. The analgesic activity of morphine, assessed by the hotplate test at 49 degrees C, was significantly reduced in MS rats, while in PS rats it was similar to that in controls. 3H-dihydromorphine binding studies performed on whole brain synaptic membranes showed a reduction in the maximum number of binding sites in both MS and PS rats; on the other hand, the affinity constant was higher in PS rats, while in MS rats it was similar to that of controls. These data show that the repeated stress of removal from the mother during the first 15 days of life induce a reduction in the number of brain opiate receptors with reduced activity of morphine, while in rats exposed to repeated removal stress associated with painful stimuli the reduction in the number of brain opiate receptors seems to be counterbalanced by their higher affinity.
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PMID:Effects on long-term sensitivity to pain and morphine of stress induced in the newborn rat by pain or manipulation. 302 19

A patient who suffered a fracture of the body of the 10th dorsal vertebra as a result of an automobile accident was examined seven years later. He complained of local pain over the gibbus site. All movements in the back and the joints of the extremities were within normal limits. Radiographs disclosed a healed compressed fracture of the body of the 10th thoracic vertebra with bony bridges contiguous with the 9th and 11th thoracic vertebrae. An unusual finding was the presence of a uniform sclerosis of a single rib at the level of the fracture site. Other bones of the rib cage, as well as the lumbar and pelvic bones, were normal. The basis for the abnormal density of the affected rib may be due to abnormal stress factors (Wolff's law).
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PMID:Sclerosis of a rib associated with a healed fracture of a contiguous thoracic vertebra. 303 29

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) are known to be present in cancer patients and are responsible for much of the cancer-associated immunosuppression. Removal or modulation of these "blocking factors" can reverse the immunosuppression. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus has the unusual property of binding to CIC with high avidity. Use of protein A as an immunoadsorbent in extracorporeal immunotherapy affinity columns has resulted in antitumor and antiviral responses in animals. Our group developed a multicenter trial to assess toxicity and antitumor response with this biologic response modifier alone. Overall, 24% (21 of 87 patients) had objective tumor regressions including both partial responses (PR) and less than PR. No complete responses (CR) were observed. Responses were observed in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi's sarcoma (six of 17 PR; two of 17 less than PR; overall, 47%), breast adenocarcinoma (five of 22 PR; three of 22 less than PR; overall response, 36%), colon adenocarcinoma, (one PR, one less than PR; overall response, 11%), and non-oat cell lung carcinoma (two of seven less than PR). The procedure was well tolerated and could be performed on an outpatient basis. No adverse reaction was observed in 735 of 1,113 treatments (66%). The most common adverse effect was an "influenza-like" syndrome consisting of fever and chills. Pain was present in 12% of the patients. There were no study-related deaths. Serum IgG and CIC levels did not statistically change due to therapy in responding or nonresponding patients. Complement levels remained within the normal range. Liver and renal tests remained stable throughout the study. In summary, protein A immunoadsorption of plasma is well tolerated in the outpatient clinic, has demonstrated antitumor activity in resistant solid tumors, and functions as a biologic response modifier.
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PMID:Protein A immunoadsorption in the treatment of malignant disease. 327 21

The syndrome of pain at the vertebral edge of the scapula and snapping associated with movement of the shoulder that occurs spontaneously after trauma or surgical procedures to the shoulder girdle is relatively common. The snapping is described in the literature as being due to an exostosis on the undersurface of the vertebral angle of the scapula, which rides across the rib cage. The pain has been reported to be the result of inflamed bursae located between the scapula and adjacent thorax or over the scapular exostosis. This retrospective study of a small group of patients with the syndrome attempts to define, by detailed x-ray studies, the presence or absence of exostosis at the vertebral angle. In none of these cases was a bony abnormality or exostosis identified clinically or radiologically. The irritating symptoms can be relieved by physiotherapy; surgery is unnecessary.
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PMID:Snapping scapula: a review of the literature and presentation of 14 patients. 329 30

Unrestrained rats were subjected to electrical stimuli applied to their paws via an electrified cage floor. Intensity, duration, and order of stimulation were chosen after preliminary tests. Vocalization threshold and vocalization as a behavioral response were studied. The vocalization was recorded and the signal analyzed by a simple computerized method that calculated five parameters: delay, maximal amplitude, duration, area, and maximal derivative with respect to time. The last four parameters increased with increasing intensity of stimulation and remained stable when the same stimulation was given repeatedly. Sensitivity to morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg s.c.) was tested. Morphine raised the threshold and lowered vocalization parameters, and it was antagonized by naloxone, thus validating the method. The sensitivity of the test and its capacity to separate sensory and affective components of pain are discussed.
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PMID:An automated method to analyze vocalization of unrestrained rats submitted to noxious electrical stimuli. 336 26

Trauma cases admitted to hospitals are often associated with chest-cage injuries. Sternal injuries may be overlooked and may cause persistent pain. Sternal injuries were reviewed at the Health Sciences Center General Hospital from 1963 to 1983 to ascertain the severity of chest-cage trauma and complications from this type of injury, including long-term sequelae. Mechanisms of injury to the chest cage and sternum are discussed. Osteoporosis was noted to be a predisposing factor. Chylothorax and nonunion of the sternum were rare sequelae. Stabilization of the sternum and chest cage is often necessary early treatment. Motor vehicle accidents were by far the most common cause of trauma producing these injuries. Thirty-six cases of injury to the sternum form the basis for this review.
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PMID:Sternal injuries. 345 44


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