Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrical stimulation has been shown to produce a marked increase in Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ content in rat skeletal muscle. Long-term low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz, 240 min) increased 45Ca uptake by 30% and 154% in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, respectively. Studies using Ca2+-fluorescent dyes have shown that intracellular concentrations of free Ca2+ are increased up to threefold during long-term low-frequency stimulation, suggesting that muscle cells have difficulties in handling the Ca2+ taken up during stimulation. Furthermore, long-term low-frequency stimulation induces leakage of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from the muscles. This leakage may reflect degradation of membrane proteins by the Ca2+-activated neutral protease calpain. This, in turn, leads to further influx of Ca2+ and further acceleration of protein breakdown. Membrane leakages are likely to result in sensations of pain in the damaged muscle. It is suggested that Ca2+ plays a central role in the development of muscle fibre injury during prolonged muscle activity of workers using a computer mouse.
 ...
PMID:Ca2+ accumulation and cell damage in skeletal muscle during low frequency stimulation. 1110 58

A 35-year-old woman experienced symptomatic calf pain while taking a combination of fenfluramine and phentermine. All symptoms resolved when the medications were stopped, but pain returned when fenfluramine was restarted. Laboratory evaluation revealed mild elevations of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and a remarkably shortened prothrombin time (6.3 seconds). Additional studies revealed that the clots were composed of very thin fibrin fibers. All laboratory abnormalities, including the abnormal fibrin structure, completely resolved when fenfluramin was stopped. Direct addition of fenfluramine or phentermine to normal plasma did not alter either coagulation kinetics or fibrin structure, supporting the concept that the induced changes may have originated at the hepatic level. Clots composed of thin fibers are much more resistant to fibrinolysis, and could potentially put such patients at risk for thrombotic complications. This is the first report of clotting abnormalities associated with fenfluramine use. Subsequent to its use in this patient, fenfluramine was removed from clinical use due to reports of acquired valvular heart disease.
 ...
PMID:Rapid clot formation and abnormal fibrin structure in a symptomatic patient taking fenfluramine--a case report. 1195 19

There has been no investigation to determine if the widely used over-the-counter, water-soluble antioxidants vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) could act as pro-oxidants in humans during inflammatory conditions. We induced an acute-phase inflammatory response by an eccentric arm muscle injury. The inflammation was characterized by edema, swelling, pain, and increases in plasma inflammatory indicators, myeloperoxidase and interleukin-6. Immediately following the injury, subjects consumed a placebo or vitamin C (12.5 mg/kg body weight) and NAC (10 mg/kg body weight) for 7 d. The resulting muscle injury caused increased levels of serum bleomycin-detectable iron and the amount of iron was higher in the vitamin C and NAC group. The concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin were significantly elevated 2, 3, and 4 d postinjury and returned to baseline levels by day 7. In addition, LDH and CK activities were elevated to a greater extent in the vitamin C and NAC group. Levels of markers for oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides and 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha; 8-Iso-PGF2alpha) and antioxidant enzyme activities were also elevated post-injury. The subjects receiving vitamin C and NAC had higher levels of lipid hydroperoxides and 8-Iso-PGF2alpha 2 d after the exercise. This acute human inflammatory model strongly suggests that vitamin C and NAC supplementation immediately post-injury, transiently increases tissue damage and oxidative stress.
 ...
PMID:Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise. 1155 12

This case report describes the sustained symptomatic and hematologic improvement in a 21-year-old woman with homozygous sickle cell (ss) disease during treatment with pentoxifylline, 400 mg three times daily after meals. Pain crises decreased from six to zero per year, hemoglobin level rose from 8.4 g/dL to 11.4 g/dL, hematocrit rose from 24.8% to 34.8%, lactate dehydrogenase level decreased from 375 IU/L to 322 IU/L, and total bilirubin level decreased from 1.8 mg/dL to 1.6 mg/dL. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased from 21.6 pg to 30 pg and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased from 24.1 g/dL to 34.5 g/dL. These changes were sustained for seven years except for a brief self-imposed hiatus in therapy during which period a pain crisis occurred. Further increase in pentoxifylline dosage to 400 mg four times daily did not result in any further improvement in these hematologic parameters. These results suggest that pentoxifylline reduces hemolysis in SS patients with a resulting improvement in anemia and a reduction in or elimination of pain crises.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of homozygous sickle cell disease with pentoxifylline. 1265 36

Conventional pleurodesing agents often provoke acute pleural inflammation followed by fibrosis. The inflammation frequently causes pain and fever. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a pro-fibrotic but anti-inflammatory cytokine. Intrapleural TGF-beta2 administration produces effective pleurodesis in animals, but its effects on mesothelial cells are unknown. The authors hypothesised that, unlike conventional pleurodesing agents, TGF-beta2 can induce collagen synthesis without stimulating pleural inflammation. In the in vitro studies, TGF-beta2, talc and doxycycline were administered to rabbit mesothelial cells for 24 h. These agents were also injected intrapleurally in rabbits and the induced pleural fluids collected at 24 h. TGF-beta2 was as potent as talc and doxycycline in upregulating mesothelial cell collagen expression. Talc and doxycycline both induced significant increases in interleukin (IL)-8 production from mesothelial cells in vitro and in rabbit pleural fluids in vivo. TGF-beta2, however, did not stimulate mesothelial cell IL-8 release in vitro and induced a dose-dependent suppression of pleural fluid IL-8. Pleural fluid IL-8 levels correlated significantly with leukocyte and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations in the fluids. In summary, transforming growth factor-beta was a potent inducer of mesothelial cell collagen synthesis. Unlike talc and tetracycline, which provoked pleural inflammation, transforming growth factor-beta2 suppressed pleural inflammation in vivo. Transforming growth factor-beta2 can produce effective pleural fibrosis without necessitating acute pleural inflammation.
 ...
PMID:Transforming growth factor-beta induces collagen synthesis without inducing IL-8 production in mesothelial cells. 1295 47

A 67-year-old white woman developed severe nausea, vomiting, diffuse abdominal cramping pain, and blurred vision followed by a syncopal episode after taking 1 tablet of quinine for leg cramps. Examination was significant for fever, elevated blood pressure, and confusion without any focal neurological deficits. Laboratory studies showed markedly elevated liver enzymes, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Peripheral smear showed many schistocytes and burr cells. She later recalled taking quinine more than 40 years before while on a trip to the Philippines. The patient was treated with 7 sessions of plasmapheresis with a rapid normalization of her hematological parameters. Three weeks of dialysis support were required before return of renal function to baseline. Re-exposure to quinine can cause a rapid onset of hemolytic uremic syndrome-like syndrome. We are not aware of any cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome-thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in response to re-exposure to a single tablet of the drug 40 years after first use.
 ...
PMID:Quinine induced HUS-TTP: an unusual presentation. 1467 3

The outcome of treatment and prognostic factors were reviewed in 36 patients who had Ewing's sarcoma of the foot. The tumor was most common in the calcaneus (19 patients) and metatarsals (15 patients). Age, levels of lactate dehydrogenase, degree of anemia, tumor volume, type of surgery, and radiotherapy were not related to prognosis. Females with pain for less than 6 months, fever, high levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and high levels of alkaline phosphatase showed a tendency for a poorer prognosis. The only observed prognostic factors are tumor site and treatment. Patients treated with four-drug neoadjuvant chemotherapy had the best survival. Four patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis died. Fourteen of 32 patients (44%) with localized Ewing's sarcoma were continuously disease-free at an average followup of 7 years.
 ...
PMID:Prognostic factors in Ewing's sarcoma of the foot. 1505 3

A 72-year-old woman with von Recklinghausen's disease was referred to our hospital because of pain and muscle weakness in her thighs. She had elevated serum values of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aldolase. Based on these results, a diagnosis of polymyositis was made. Treatment with prednisolone improved muscle strength, and laboratory values returned to normal. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen, and 131I-metaiodobenzyl guanidine MIBG scintigraphy demonstrated a tumor 3 cm in diameter in the region of the left adrenal gland. Endocrinologic investigation disclosed elevation of serum and urine catecholamines. Since the blood pressure was normal, nonfunctioning pheochromocytoma was diagnosed clinically. The nonhypertensive course was attributed to reduced vascular response to noradrenaline. Serum lactate dehydrogenase. alkaline phosphatase. and asparate aminotransferase became elevated, and abdominal computed tomography showed a well-defined mass measuring 13 x 12 x 10 cm in the right lobe of the liver. The patient underwent right trisegmentectomy and left adrenalectomy. Histologically the adrenal tumor was a typical pheochromocytoma. The hepatic tumor was a leiomyosarcoma consisting of elongated spindle-shaped atypical cells arranged in intersecting bundles. Immunohistochemically, the cells of this tumor were reactive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin. The leiomyosarcoma recurred and metastasized to the liver. Eight months after onset of symptom, the patient developed hepatic coma and died. The mean age at presentation with pheochromocytoma in von Recklinghausen's disease patients age is 42 years. Our patient was considerably older. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a patient with von Recklinghausen's disease developing polymyositis. asymptomatic pheochromocytoma, and primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma and illustrates the need to remain aware of the possibility of cancer in von Recklinghausen's disease.
 ...
PMID:[A patient with von Recklinghausen's disease associated with polymyositis, asymptomatic pheochromocytoma, and primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma]. 1523 55

Neuroendocrine tumors, particularly those of gastrointestinal tract origin, have a predisposition for metastasizing to the liver, causing parenchymal substitution and paraneoplastic syndrome. Lipiodol embolization combined with anticancer drugs is a recent tool in regional therapy. It has been proven that chemoembolization reduces tumor bulk and hormone levels, and that it palliates the symptoms of many patients with liver-dominant neuroendocrine metastases. Beginning in December 1988, ten patients with unresectable and chemotherapy-refractory liver metastatic neuroendocrine tumors were treated with chemoembolization based on a mixture of lipiodol, mitomycin, cisplatin, epirubicin, followed by gelfoam powder and contrast media. Toxicity encountered included: upper right quadrant pain requiring narcotics, elevation of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and transaminases. One patient had liver abscess and persistent fever for 2 weeks. We obtained two complete remissions lasting 12 and 34 months and 5 partial remissions. The median survival was 22 months. Four patients had urinary elevation of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA). They showed more than a 75% decrease in urinary secretion after treatment. In a patient with transplanted liver we noticed a partial response lasting 7 months. We conclude that chemoembolization will improve the clinical condition of a significant percentage of patients with liver metastases, that future therapy of carcinoid tumors will be based on specific tumor biology and that treatment will be customized for each individual patient combining the use of cytoreductive procedures including radiofrequency ablation, laser treatment and chemoembolization.
 ...
PMID:Intra-arterial hepatic chemoembolization in liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: a phase II study. 1533 Mar 28

In this study, histopathological and biochemical changes due to chronic usage of morphine or tramadol in liver and kidney were assessed in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were included and divided into three groups. Normal saline (1 ml) was given intraperitoneally as placebo in the control group (n = 10). Morphine group (n = 10) received morphine intraperitoneally at a dose of 4, 8, 10 mg/kg/day in the first, second and the third ten days of the study, respectively. Tramadol group (n = 10), received the drug intraperitoneally at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day in the first, second and the third ten days of the study, respectively. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the serum. Liver and kidney specimens were evaluated by light microscopy. Serum ALT, AST, LDH, BUN and creatinin levels were significantly higher in morphine group compared to the control group. Serum LDH, BUN and creatinin levels were significantly increased in the morphine group compared to the tramadol group. The mean MDA level was significantly higher in morphine group compared to the tramadol and control groups (P < 0.05). Light microscopy revealed severe centrolobular congestion and focal necrosis in the liver of morphine and tramadol groups, but perivenular necrosis was present only in the morphine group. The main histopathologic finding was vacuolization in tubular cells in morphine and tramadol groups. Our findings pointed out the risk of increased lipid peroxidation, hepatic and renal damage due to long term use of opioids, especially morphine. Although opioids are reported to be effective in pain management, their toxic effects should be kept in mind during chronic usage.
 ...
PMID:Liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids: an experimental long term treatment model. 1588 61


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>