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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a double-blind study, indoprofen was superior to placebo in decreasing pain in patients with primary and metastatic cancer and with neuralgia. A single oral dose of 200 mg was more active than a 100-mg dose. The preferences of patients proved to be a more sensitive parameter in this study than scores of pain intensity, pain relief, and other related measurements (SPID, TOTPAR, and Peak PID).
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PMID:Double-blind study of the analgesic effect of indoprofen (K 4277). 4 80

Parametric tests for bioassay data are commonly applied to scores of pain intensity and relief for the assessment of potency ratios of analgesic drugs. It has been demonstrated, however, that scores derived from semiquantitative scales often deviate from normal distribution. In addition, when scores decrease as a consequence of analgesic treatment, the variances may be nonhomogenous. Both parametric and nonparametric procedures have been employed in this study for the evaluation of results of a double-blind multicenter trial of the analgesic effect of indoprofen and ASA (both drugs at three dose levels) and placebo in episiotomy pain. There was a good agreement between potency ratios obtained with the two assays. Peak PID appeared a less efficient means of estimating potency ratio than other measurements such as SPID and TOTPAR. The nonparametric test for quantitative bioassay appears to be a valid statistical procedure for evaluating results of clinical trials, and it does not imply any assumptions as to the type of distribution of the data.
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PMID:Application of nonparametric procedure for bioassay data to the evaluation of analgesics in man. 32 87

The authors review the body of literature dealing with the association between the use of IUDs and the development of acute PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease); the sources, dating from 1930 to 1976, include published articles from several nations as well as proceedings of international conferences. Limitations of studies done to date include: 1) the imprecise diagnostic criteria of PID; 2) an undue emphasis on hospitalized patients; 3) missed cases in which an IUD is removed shortly before the onset of PID; 4) absence of appropriate control groups and; 5) the use of sample sizes which are too small. These methodological deficiencies make it difficult to assess the true incidence of PID which occurs in association with the use of IUDs; nevertheless, researchers agree that an increased risk does exist. In addition, IUD users have an increased risk of pain and bleeding; future sterility; and ectopic pregnancy. In consideration of these risks, especially that of subsequent sterility, the authors recommend that IUDs not be used in nulliparae. They recommend that IUDs only be inserted in the absence of any genital infection; in parts of the world where gonorrhea is prevalent, antibiotics should be administered prophylactically before insertion of the device.
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PMID:[The use of IUD as an etiological factor of acute pelvic inflammatory disease]. 38 65

The relationship between return to fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with IUD removal for planned pregnancy as well as the frequency of ectopic pregnancy among all former IUD users in comparison with the general population was studied. The cumulative conception rate in the group of women with IUD removal for planned pregnancy (n = 748) was 93.7% after 5 years, 93.4% being intrauterine and 0.3% ectopic. Rates of ectopic pregnancy in women with IUD removed for planned pregnancy were 2.7/1000 women, 3.6/1000 deliveries and 2.9/1000 pregnancies vs. 3.9, 13.4 and 5.6 in the general population. Only when the number of deliveries is used as denominator, have these differences reached statistical significance (P less than 0.05). Except for bleeding/pain and PID removals (6.0 vs. 3.9), in all other groups of former IUD users the incidence of ectopic pregnancy was also lower than in the control group. From the results of this study it was concluded that former IUD users are not at an increased risk for ectopic pregnancy.
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PMID:Ectopic pregnancy among past IUD users. 135 88

This literature review compares the merits and disadvantages of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD made by Leiras Pharmaceuticals, Turkey, Finland (LNG-IUD-20), with the Nova-T, Copper-T (TCu) and 220C, and Copper-T-38-Ag (TCu-380Ag). This IUD releases 20 mcg levonorgestrel daily from a Silastic sleeve on the vertical shaft containing 52 mg. The plasma level stabilized after a month at about 0.2 ng/ml, about half as high as that seen with Norplant implants. It is identical in size to the Nova-T. The Cu-T IUDs differ with respect to copper wire or sleeves, or silver-cored wire. The chief studies reviewed here were 2 multi-center trails primarily in European countries, and a 2 large multi-center trials in India. Cumulative pregnancy rates were 0.0 to 0.6 per 100 users for the LNG IUD, compared to slightly higher failures for inert or copper IUDs. While removal rates for bleeding, pain and pelvic inflammatory disease were lower for the LNG-IUD-20, removals for oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and hormonal side effects were higher than for the other IUDS. In the Indian trials, removals for amenorrhea and irregular bleeding were much higher than rates reported in the European studies, resulting in significantly lower continuation rates overall. The results pointed to district benefits for the LNG-IUD-20, such as lower blood loss and anemia, relief of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, as well as possible lower risks of ectopic pregnancy in case of failure, less PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), and the claim by the maker that strictly correct placement is not necessary. Disadvantages of the LNG-IUD-20 are more difficult insertion due to the wider diameter; oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and irregular bleeding; hormonal side effects such as acne, weight gain, nausea, headache and breast tension; and potential risk of functional ovarian cysts. The LNG-IUD-20 is considered comparable to copper IUDs in effectiveness, safety, longevity, and return to fertility after removal. Users should be counseled that the oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea is neither a medical problem or indicative of infertility, is common for the 1st 2 months, is reversible on removal, may signal an improved hemoglobin profile, relief of dysmenorrhea, and may be preferred to heavy bleeding from other IUDS. The program implications of this IUD are potential lower incidence of ectopic pregnancy and PID. The effect of its use on breast feeding, cost-effectiveness compared to Norplant, in-country manufacture, and cultural acceptance need to be determined in specific locales.
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PMID:An evaluation of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD: its advantages and disadvantages when compared to the copper-releasing IUDs. 177 15

This study reports the results of a controlled randomized clinical trial performed on 30 young women with PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease), using a new anti- inflammatory-analgesic: methoxybutropate. The quali-quantitative symptomatical assessment showed that the improvement of the pain has been more marked and faster with methoxybutropate than hot observed in control group treated with bromeline.
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PMID:[Clinical experience with methoxybutropate vs. bromelin in the treatment of female pelvic inflammation]. 229 74

We compared naproxen sodium (550 mg) and propoxyphene napsylate with acetaminophen (PN/A, 100 mg with 650 mg) for pain relief after arthroscopy or arthroscopic meniscectomy. Fifty-two patients entered this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel trial. In each drug group, pain intensity values dropped consistently throughout this six-hour study from mean baseline levels of approximately 55 on a scale of 0 to 100. Pain intensity values were lower at each hour in the naproxen sodium than in the PN/A group and significantly lower at hour 1 (P = .008). Pain intensity differences (PID, reflecting change from baseline) mirrored this trend: greater mean PIDs were seen in the naproxen sodium group at each hour, and this difference between drug groups was statistically significant at hour 1 (P = .017). One patient in the naproxen sodium group and seven patients using PN/A took a second dose within the six hours. Patients in each drug group reported five complaints.
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PMID:Pain relief after arthroscopy: naproxen sodium compared to propoxyphene napsylate with acetaminophen. 288 7

Progestagen-releasing IUDs were developed to diminish the problems of bleeding and pain with inert and copper-containing IUDs. The intrauterine release of the progestagen causes endometrial atrophy, resulting in impairment of nidation, and interferes with transport of the ovum and the spermatozoa. 2 available types, Progestasert, Biograviplan (Alza Corporation, California; Grunenthal) and Levonorgestrel Nova-T (Leiras Pharmaceuticals, Finland), have been sufficiently tested in multinational trials. Compared with Progestasert, LNG Nova-T showed lower pregnancy rates (Pearl Index 0.30), less risk for ectopic pregnancy, and a longer effective lifetime (7 years). With both IUDs, the amount and duration of menstrual blood loss is decreased. Amenorrhea is a frequently occurring side effect of LNG Nova-T, caused by endometrial atrophy. Intermenstrual blood loss and spotting incidences are not uniformly reduced and are still a frequent reason for removal. Preinsertion counseling may improve the acceptance of these nonhealth threatening side effects. With both IUDs, a decrease in menstrual cramps during periods is perceived and a low incidence of PID is found. Basically, the progestagen-releasing IUD can be recommended to all women who wish an IUD for contraception and to women with contraindications for OCs, especially to those with menorrhagia, anemia, or risk for anemia. (author's)
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PMID:Intrauterine steroid contraceptives. 313 66

In a follow-up evaluation of 3721 Multiload IUD users, the removal rate for medical reasons other than bleeding/pain was only 2.6 per 100 women at three years. Most of these removals were for reasons that appeared to be unrelated to IUD use. The removal rate for pelvic inflammatory disease was 0.3 per 100 woman years. Women were followed up for up to three years after removal of their IUDs. Among women with PID at least 70% of those who desired pregnancy subsequently became pregnant, a rate similar to that of women who had their IUDs electively removed to become pregnant. The study provides further data on the safety of intrauterine contraception.
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PMID:Medical removals of the Multiload IUD. 321 69

Clinical experience with intrauterine devices was evaluated, based on 627 insertions over a 14-year period in a private practice. Overall, there were few differences in the event rates leading to IUD discontinuation for the IUDs evaluated, principally Cu-7, Dalkon Shield and Lippes Loop. Pelvic infections were infrequent (0.7-2.2 cases per 100 woman-years of IUD use). The rate of PID in the study population appeared to be similar to that noted in the general population. IUD use did not appear to compromise future fertility, based on evaluations of patients after removal of their IUDs or from their return to fertility following IUD removal. IUD event rates (pregnancy, expulsion, displacement, removal for bleeding and/or pain) were related to the difference between endometrial cavity length and IUD length. A significant increase in the event rates was noted, regardless of the IUD type, when the endometrial cavity length exceeded IUD length by 2.0 cm or more, or when the difference between the endometrial cavity and IUD length was less than 0.5 cm.
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PMID:Clinical experience with intrauterine devices in a private practice. 384 12


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