Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was employed to elucidate and compare the presence, distribution, and coexistence of various peptides, neuroendocrine markers and enzymes of the catecholamine pathway in nerves supplying lymphoid tissues in a variety of mammalian species. All lymphoid organs and tissues receive innervation by fibers containing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and/or tyrosine hydroxylase, neural markers like protein gene product 9.5, synaptophysin and neurofilament and a varied spectrum of peptides. The prominent peptides were tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine (VIP/PHI). Opioid innervation was variable. Double immunofluorescence revealed coexistence of tachykinins and CGRP and of tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY. A minor proportion of fibers showed coexistence of NPY and tachykinins and of VIP/PHI and tachykinins. The possible importance of the complex peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissues in inflammation, allergy, inflammatory pain and psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network function is discussed. A special immunomodulatory role of the sensory neurons is suggested.
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PMID:Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection. 177 30

Salmon calcitonin, a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland, lowers serum calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and renal tubular calcium reabsorption. An analgesic action, possibly mediated via beta-endorphins, is also evident. In the past, parenteral formulations of salmon calcitonin have been used in the management of metabolic bone disorders, but their routine use has been limited by the inconvenience of this route of administration and by poor tolerability. The development of an intranasal preparation of salmon calcitonin will provide a more convenient means of administering the drug. In clinical trials published to date intranasal salmon calcitonin has been effective and well tolerated in small numbers of recently postmenopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis, and in patients with established osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or osteoporosis secondary to corticosteroid usage, multiple myeloma or ovariectomy. For periods of up to 2 years the drug reduces bone resorption and improves bone architecture, relieves pain and increases functional status. Further research is needed to confirm longer term efficacy (in particular, effects on fracture rate), optimal dosage schedules and the role of intermittent and combination treatment regimens.
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PMID:Intranasal salmon calcitonin. A review of its pharmacological properties and potential utility in metabolic bone disorders associated with aging. 179 28

Conventional methods of chronic prostatitis treatment aimed at destruction of pathogenic microflora have certain shortcomings. A promising approach is biologic control of prostatic function. A trial was performed of a new drug prostatilen which is a polypeptide isolated from the animal prostate. The study included 307 patients with chronic prostatitis of 4 mon to 36 years duration. Their age ranged from 18 to 74 years. The drug dose of 5-10 mg was administered once a day i.m. for 5-10 days. The immediate effect and long-term one were measured upon the treatment completion and 4-6 months later. A clinical effect manifested following 2-3 injections and grew to maximal values after 5-6 ones. In rare cases the treatment lasted up to 8-10 injections. The drug promoted disappearance or attenuation of the symptoms in 96.7% of the patients. Positive shifts were achieved in pain complaints, diuresis, sexual function, sleep, general condition. The subjective response agreed with objective laboratory and urodynamic evidence. Prostatilen proved effective for chronic prostatitis because it is tolerable, induces no side effects, beneficial in combinations with other modalities in management of this persistent and prone to recurrences disease.
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PMID:[The use of prostatilen in treating patients with chronic prostatitis]. 182 82

The present light microscopic immunohistochemical study evaluates the distribution of peptidergic nerve fibers in human tonsil and describes their spatial relationship with specific cells of the immune system. Further, using a panneural marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a qualitative evaluation of the density of specific peptidergic innervation of the human tonsil was performed. Nerve fibers staining for tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine showed characteristic distribution patterns, but constituted only a minor subfraction of the PGP 9.5-stained fiber population. Both peptide- and PGP 9.5-immunopositive fibers predominantly supplied the vasculature; nonvascular areas were less densely innervated. Double staining for surface antigens thought to be associated with subsets of lymphoid cells, i.e., T-cells, B-cells, granulocytes, and macrophages, and for peptides or PGP 9.5 revealed close proximity of characteristic subpopulations of neurochemically defined nerve fibers and the various immune cells. The presence of peptidergic nerve fibers among T-cells was more prevalent than peptidergic nerve fibers adjacent to macrophages. Few positively stained nerve fibers resided in B-cell compartments. Neuro-B-cell interrelations were extremely infrequent. Neuroimmune connections were restricted to paravascular, subepithelial, and interfollicular regions, while germinal centers were devoid of nerve supply. The results are compatible with the view that peptides, being present in small-diameter nerve fibers, could exert an indirect immunoregulatory role by influencing vascular tone and/or permeability. In quantitative terms, a direct neuroimmunomodulatory action of endogenous neurally derived peptides appears to be of minor importance, because nonvascular neuroimmune circuits were found infrequently and were regionally restricted. However, we cannot be sure that all fibers were stained. The functional state of the peptidergic and nonpeptidergic innervation of the human palatine tonsil may be of physiological and pathophysiological significance within the psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network. The peptide-coded neuroimmune link may play a role in tonsillar pain.
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PMID:The neuroimmune connection in human tonsils. 182 68

Notalgia paresthetica is a sensory neuropathy characterized by infrascapular pruritus, burning pain, hyperalgesia, or tenderness. To assess whether the symptoms may be caused by alterations in the cutaneous innervation, skin from the affected area of patients (n = 5) was compared with controls (n = 10) comprising the contralateral unaffected area from the same patients and site-matched biopsies of normals, using immunohistochemistry. Frozen sections were immunostained with antisera to the neuropeptides substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and neuropeptide with tyrosine, and to the general neural marker PGP 9.5 and the glial marker S-100 to show the overall innervation and glial cells, respectively. No discernible change in the distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive axons was found, but all of the specimens from the affected areas had a significant increase in the number of intradermal PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers compared with unaffected areas from the same patients and normal controls. Epidermal dendritic cells immunoreactive for S-100, possibly Langerhans cells, were substantially increased. It is concluded that there is an increase in the sensory epidermal innervation in the affected skin areas in notalgia paresthetica, which could contribute to the symptoms, and that neural immunohistochemistry of skin biopsies could be helpful in the diagnosis of the disease.
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PMID:Symptoms of notalgia paresthetica may be explained by increased dermal innervation. 183 66

We have studied the presence of five neuropeptides in knee joint synovial fluid from either patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and pain (n = 18) or being subjected to arthroscopy due to meniscal/cruciate ligament injuries (n = 13). Radioimmunoassay technique was used for peptide analysis using antisera SP2 against substance P (SP), K12 against neurokinin A (NKA), CGRPR8 against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), NPY1 against neuropeptide Y (NPY) and VIP2 against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). No SP could be detected, and lower levels of NKA was found in arthritic joints vs controls. CGRP and NPY was found in higher concentrations in arthritic patients vs controls. VIP was found sporadically in both arthritis and control patients. Our data show some quantitative differences between patients suffering rheumatoid arthritis and pain, and patients with non-inflamed joints without pain; indicating an involvement of peptidergic fibers in arthritis in humans.
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PMID:Concentration of substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in synovial fluid from knee joints in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. 194 95

In the present study, a significant increase in pain threshold (current to elicit vocalization to tail shock) was found 15 and 60 min after injection of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) (30 micrograms) into the lateral ventricle in rats bearing a transplant of fetal adrenal medulla (AM). By contrast, no effect on pain threshold was observed in rats bearing an AM transplant but receiving no db cAMP, or in rats receiving db cAMP but not bearing an AM transplant. In primary cultures of rat fetal chromaffin cells, db cAMP increased the number of neuron-like cells that showed both vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity. These findings indicate that db cAMP exerts a pharmacological modulation of the functional activity (i.e. elevation in pain thresholds) of fetal adrenal AM transplants, and induces phenotypic changes in cultured chromaffin cells with expression of a peptide that elevates pain threshold.
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PMID:Dibutyryl cAMP stimulates analgesia in rats bearing a ventricular adrenal medulla transplant. 196 2

A placebo may be a pharmacologically active or an inert substance, a procedure, or a patient-doctor interview. Placebos work best in symptoms or disease which vary over time and between patients. The placebo works best in behaviour disorders, somatic autonomic disorders like pain, and neurohumoral disorders like hypertension. However, placebo action is incompletely defined in its molecular pharmacology. The endogenous brain systems of opioid, antiopioid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid polypeptide transmitters and neuronal receptors account in part for placebo analgesia. Non-painful stress may be mediated through other neurohumoral systems. A separate neural system might control these subsystems. Confidence based on the doctor's empathy commonly evokes the placebo effect. How the symbolic input of thought or emotion is translated into neuronal events is unknown. Double-masked 'controlled' clinical trials use placebo to reduce bias; overuse of placebo here may harm some patients. Oral placebos for routine use include thiamine at low dose. Potent drugs like glucocorticoids cannot be justified as placebo in mild disease or non-disease. Both patient and doctor are usually unaware of the placebo effect during interviews. Doctors may increase placebo efficacy by improving interpersonal skills.
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PMID:Magic or medicine? Clinical pharmacological basis of placebo medication. 202 61

The authors present their experience with catheter jejunostomy for post-operative enteral feeding in 74 cases. The patients were retrospectively divided into two groups according to the type of diet administered; the first group, of 8, received a second generation powdered elemental diet while the other, of 63, received a normocalorific polypeptide fluid diet. The aim was to compare the clinical differences between the contribution of elemental and polymeric diets. Of the 74 jejunal catheters, 3 were not used in the long run, while the overall figure of complications in the 71 remaining cases was 12% (9 patients): there were 3 cases of catheter complications and 6 of gastrointestinal complications which made it necessary to suspend the diet in 2 patients due to untreatable diarrhea (more than 4 movements per day), and in 4 due to clinical pictures of abdominal distension, pain and occasional vomiting. In analysing these complications in terms of diet type, it was found that in the first group (on oligomeric diets) 50% suffered gastrointestinal complications, i.e. 4 of the 8 (with diarrhea in 1 case and distension in 3), while only 2 of the patients, 3.2%, in the second group, of 63, suffered this type of complication. In conclusion, it is affirmed that the contribution of liquid polymeric diets significantly simplifies post-operative enteral nutrition, minimising intestinal complications.
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PMID:[Enteral nutrition in the postoperative period: advantages of the polymeric diets over the elemental ones]. 212 43

In cats, intracellular dye injection of single sensory neurones of known fibre type and sensory modality has been combined with peptide immunohistochemistry. There was no clear relationship between the sensory function of a neurone and the presence of the neuropeptides substance P, somatostatin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, in its cytoplasm. In particular, substance P was not detected in many nociceptive sensory neurons even though it could be demonstrated with the same technique in many sensory neurones which did not have cutaneous receptive fields. These results mean that the role, if any, of these neuropeptides in the transmission of pain, must be regarded as complex.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in physiologically identified mammalian sensory neurones. 241 Aug 16


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