Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Substance P (SP) acts as a transmitter of nociception in both the peripheral and the central nervous system. Because the NK-1 receptors in gerbils are comparable to those in humans, gerbil models could be used to study the role of SP in neuropathic pain. A modification of the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain was produced in male gerbils by placing four loose chromic catgut ligatures around the sciatic nerve. This procedure clearly resulted in mechanical hypersensitivity. Intraplantar injections of SP and the selective NK-1 receptor agonist, [Sar(9)-Met(O(2))(11)]-substance P (Sar-SP), to the paw ipsilateral to the nerve injury and intrathecal administration of these peptides produced paw-lifting behavior in the CCI gerbils in thermoneutral conditions. In sham-operated and nonoperated controls, no such effects were observed. Systemic administration of the NK-1 antagonist R116301 attenuated the SP and the Sar-SP-induced paw-lifting behavior in the CCI gerbils indicating the role of NK-1 receptors in these effects. Intraplantar injection of the highest dose of SP (200 ng) to the paw contralateral to the CCI produced lifting of the paw ipsilateral to the injury, indicative for spinal mechanisms especially since administration of SP to the ipsilateral front paw or even intracardially did not have any effect at all. The SP-induced responses were not antagonized by the NMDA antagonist MK801. These results indicate that the peripheral and spinal SP reveal an increased reactivity in a neuropathic pain model. This increased pain sensitivity seems to involve spinal NK-1 mechanisms.
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PMID:Functional role of exogenous administration of substance P in chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in gerbils. 1367 13

The aim of this study was to objectively measure impairment of arm function in women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL), and investigate possible associations between this, arm volume excess, and psychological morbidity as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form (SF-36) questionnaire. A total of 48 patients were recruited. Manual dexterity was significantly impaired in the affected arm, independent of dominant or non-dominant arm involvement, but was not associated with arm volume excess. Psychological morbidity was significantly impaired in the domains of 'physical function' and 'bodily pain' when compared with population controls. Degree of impairment in the 'physical function' domain correlated with the absolute level of objectively tested manual dexterity. Impairment of manual dexterity appears to have a greater impact than arm volume excess on the overall psychological morbidity associated with BCRL, suggesting that greater emphasis should be placed upon arm function in the assessment, treatment targeting, and monitoring of patients with this condition.
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PMID:Is physical function a more appropriate measure than volume excess in the assessment of breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL)? 1452 74

Discovery of the occurrence of neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor internalization in response to agonist activation has provided researchers with a new tool for studying tachykinin actions. Using the readily observable end point of NK-1 receptor internalization as an activity marker, this observation has allowed for more detailed study of tachykinin systems in vivo and in vitro. What has this technique taught us about tachykinin function and activity in the spinal cord? Here we discuss recent findings, which shed light on the functional relevance of receptor internalization, the regulation of neuropeptide release from primary afferent nociceptors, and the signaling produced by tachykinins during nociception and injury. The potential consequences of these discoveries for the treatment of pain and understanding of the role of tachykinins in nociception are discussed.
J Pain 2000 Sep
PMID:The contribution of spinal cord neurokinin-1 receptor signaling to pain. 1462 44

Spinal lamina I neurons expressing the substance P receptor (SPR) have been shown to play a role in the transmission of somatic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. To evaluate their involvement in visceral nociception in both the noninflamed and inflamed colon, we examined the expression and ligand-induced internalization of the SPR in the rat spinal cord after distention of the noninflamed colon and in rats with inflammation induced by intracolonic instillation of zymosan (3 hours). In the noninflamed animal, acute noxious but not non-noxious colorectal distention induced SPR internalization in lamina I neurons at the thoracolumbar (T13) and lumbosacral (S1) spinal levels, whereas SPR internalization was not detected in lamina I neurons at spinal lumbar segment L4. Although zymosan-induced colorectal inflammation alone did not induce SPR internalization in lamina I neurons, there was an increased number of SPR-expressing lamina I neurons showing SPR internalization in segments T12 through S2 of the spinal cord after colorectal distention. These results show that acute noxious visceral stimuli induce activation of spinal lamina I neurons expressing the SPR and, that after visceral inflammation, there is a marked increase in both the number and rostrocaudal extent of lamina I SPR neurons activated in response to both normally non-noxious and noxious distention of the colon.
J Pain 2002 Feb
PMID:Activation of lamina I spinal cord neurons that express the substance P receptor in visceral nociception and hyperalgesia. 1462 48

Thirty-six patients with intra-articular displaced calcaneal fractures were examined to determine both physician- and patient-based outcomes. Three groups were selected. Group A was treated with open reduction and internal fixation, group B was treated with open reduction internal fixation and supplemental bone graft augmentation and the patients in group C were treated with plaster cast immobilisation and no formal operative treatment. All cohorts were well matched for age, sex and severity of injury. Patients were evaluated using both the American Foot and Ankle Society Scoring System (AFASS) and the short form 36 (SF-36). Minimum time to follow up was 4 years. No significant difference was observed between the three groups with regards to pain and functional outcomes using the AFASS score (P>0.05). No difference was observed between the three groups using the SF-36 score (P>0.1). A statistically significant difference was observed, using radiological criteria, between both groups A and B when compared to the non-operative group C. The rate of wound infection in groups A and B was 31.5%. No correlation was found between the SF-36 score and the AFASS score. No correlation was found between the radiological score and either the SF-36 or the AFASS score. This study has found that the conservative treatment of calcaneal fractures can produce satisfactory outcomes with lower morbidity than surgically treated fractures.
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PMID:An outcomes assessment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures, using patient and physician's assessment profiles. 1619 28

Galectin-1 is one of the endogenous-galactoside-binding lectins, suggested to be involved in a variety of functions, such as neurite outgrowth, synaptic connectivity, cell proliferation and apoptosis. This protein is expressed in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the spinal cord in the developing and adult rats, especially intensely in small DRG neurons. In the present study, we examined whether galectin-1 is colocalized with TrkA or c-Ret mRNA in small DRG neurons and the effect of axotomy on the expression of galectin-1 in the spinal cord. About 20% of the DRG neurons showed intense galectin-1-immunoreactivity (IR). Of the intensely galectin-1-IR DRG neurons, 93.9% displayed c-Ret mRNA positive signals. On the other hand, only 6.8% displayed TrkA mRNA positive signals. Galectin-1-IR was increased in the dorsal horn at 1 to 2 weeks after axotomy. Intrathecal administration of anti-recombinant human galectin-1 antibody (anti-rhGAL-1 Ab) partially but significantly attenuated the upregulation of substance P receptor (SPR) in the spinal dorsal horn and the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by the peripheral nerve injury. These data suggest that endogenous galectin-1 may potentiate neuropathic pain after the peripheral nerve injury at least partly by increasing SPR in the dorsal horn.
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PMID:Galectin-1 is involved in the potentiation of neuropathic pain in the dorsal horn. 1464 32

Research has demonstrated that exposure to acute stress may attenuate pain perception. Mechanisms of this effect in humans have not been determined. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which psychophysiological and adrenocortical responses to acute stress predict subsequent pain perception. One hundred and fifty-two healthy participants (80 women) were assigned to one of two conditions: rest followed by the cold pressor test (CPT; N=76) or stress followed by CPT (N=76). The stress protocol consisted of a public-speaking challenge. Participants rated their pain every 15 s during a 90-s hand CPT (0-4 degrees C), and they completed the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Salivary cortisol, mood, blood pressure (BP), and impedance cardiography measures were collected in both conditions. Women had lower BP and reported greater pain than men in both conditions (ps<0.01). Participants in the stress condition reported less pain during CPT than those in the rest condition (p=0.02). Regression analyses demonstrated that the stress effect on pain ratings was mediated by systolic BP level during stress; however, cortisol responses did not affect this relationship. Mood changes were independent predictors of pain. The study demonstrates that BP changes in response to stress mediate the stress-induced attenuation of pain perception.
Pain 2003 Dec
PMID:Blood pressure but not cortisol mediates stress effects on subsequent pain perception in healthy men and women. 1465 11

In the spinal cord, nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in pain and hyperalgesia, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and NO production are upregulated following several noxious and lesion stimuli. However, the mechanism of the increases is yet not well understood. The present study was designed to address the question of whether substance P (SP) released in the spinal cord enhances NOS expression and NO production of the spinal cord in rats. [Sar(9), Met(O2)(11)]-substance P (Sar-SP), a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor agonist, was administered by intrathecal injection via L(5)-L(6) intervertebral space to induce nociception. The pain threshold was determined by hot water induced tail flick test. NOS expression of the L(5) segment of the spinal cord was determined using NADPH-d histochemical staining. NO production of the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord was determined by assaying NO3(-) and NO2(-), the end product of NO metabolism, using the method of aqua fortis reduction. We found that (1) intrathecal injection of Sar-SP (6.5 nmol) elicited a characteristic, caudally directed, nociceptive behavioural response consisting of intense biting, licking and scratching episodes. Tail flick test showed decrease in pain threshold. (2) following the behavioural responses, the NOS expression level, including the number and the staining density of the NADPH-d reactive cells, increased in the superficial portion of the dorsal horn (Laminae I-II) and the grey matter surrounding the central canal (LaminaX) of the L(5) segment of the spinal cord after the Sar-SP intrathecal injection. At the same time, NO production in the enlargement of the spinal cord increased. (3) The decreased pain threshold and the increases in NOS expression and NO production could be substantially inhibited by intrathecal injection of [[D-Arg(1), D-Trp(7,9), Leu(11)]-substance P] (spantide) (5 microg), a non-selective antagonist of NK-1 receptor, 5 min prior to the Sar-SP injection. It might be concluded that the release of SP resulted from nociceptive afferents increased NOS expression and NO production of the rat spinal cord.
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PMID:[Intrathecal injection of Sar9, Met(O2)11-substance P, neurokinin-1 receptor agonist, increases nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in the rat spinal cord]. 1469 85

Venous leg ulcer pain experienced during compression bandaging is poorly understood. A prospective, pilot cohort study was initiated to determine the feasibility of conducting a large-scale, repeated measures cohort study of venous leg ulcer pain and to document and describe the venous leg ulcer pain experience during the first 5 weeks of treatment with compression bandages. Eligible individuals admitted to a nurse-led community leg ulcer service in one Canadian community were recruited for the 5-week study. Pain assessment tools (ie, numerical rating scale and short form McGill Pain Questionnaire) were evaluated by 20 venous ulcer patients (mean age = 73.7 years) and their nurses for ease of use during one baseline and five weekly follow-up visits. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) information was obtained. Nurses reported on ease of integrating pain data collection into regular clinical care. Each pain assessment tool was audited for completion. Most participants found the pain assessment tools easy to use, but nurses reported lengthened visit times with some participants as a result of tool administration difficulties, particularly the visual analogue scale (VAS). Overall completeness of pain assessment tools ranged from 85.0% (visual analogue scale) to 96.3% (present pain intensity and word descriptor list). The vast majority of patients (18) reported ulcer pain at baseline. Total mean scores for all pain assessment tools used decreased over time, but most patients reported pain throughout the study. The most common pain descriptors used were "aching," "stabbing," "sharp," "tender," and "tiring." Health-related quality of life was low and did not change during the 5-week study. The results of this study suggest that the vast majority of venous ulcer patients experience pain and that it is feasible to examine this pain in individuals receiving care in the community over time.
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PMID:Understanding venous leg ulcer pain: results of a longitudinal study. 1471 4

Spontaneous electrical activity, interpreted as motor endplate activity, has been reported at muscle trigger points. This study examined whether the motor endplate region, identified by electromyography, is more sensitive to noxious stimuli than other muscle sites. We induced pain in the brachial biceps muscles of 21 healthy subjects by injecting capsaicin (30 microg/0.1 ml) and NaCl (5%/0.2 ml) in the motor endplate region and at electrically silent muscle sites. Needle and evoked pain were measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-10) and the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The needle pain in the motor endplate region differed both in intensity and quality from that at other sites. The maximal pain after NaCl 5% was higher, and the VAS area-under-the-curve for NaCl 5% and capsaicin were larger, in the motor endplate region than in other sites. A higher density of muscle nociceptors in the vicinity of the motor endplate region may account for the observed differences in pain. These findings may have clinical implications for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain conditions.
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PMID:Evoked pain in the motor endplate region of the brachial biceps muscle: an experimental study. 1498 39


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