Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe 13 cases of inflammatory lesion of breast lobules in young and middle-aged women, presenting as breast lumps, with, in five cases, associated breast pain. The patient with the most florid bilateral disease subsequently developed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This prompted us to consider an autoimmune pathogenesis for all the breast lesions. We confirm a previously documented association of such breast lesions with diabetes mellitus and review the evidence for a possible HLA association. Increased HLA-DR expression by breast epithelial cells was observed in cases available for study. Of the seven patients screened for circulating autoantibodies, three had none, one had smooth muscle antibodies, one parietal cell, one parietal cell and thyroid microsomal, and the seventh had the thyroid autoantibodies expected in Hashimoto's disease. Five of seven patients whose HLA-status was determined were HLA-DR3, 4 or 5 positive, either singly or in combination. Immunophenotypic analysis of the mammary lymphoid infiltrate showed that the majority of infiltrating lymphocytes were B-cells.
 ...
PMID:Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis of the breast--evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis. 191 85

A patient with post-partum thyroiditis is described. She was a 22 year old with a negative family history of autoimmune thyroid disease who was noted to have a high titre of antithyroid microsomal antibody during pregnancy. She developed mild hyperthyroidism 8 weeks post-partum but at 12 weeks she had a mildly painful enlarged thyroid gland. At 20 weeks post-partum she had severe thyroidal pain with dysphagia. The thyroid was exquisitely tender to palpation. She was treated with L-thyroxine and the pain resolved within 4 weeks. This is the first report documenting pain in the thyroid as a feature of post-partum thyroiditis.
 ...
PMID:Post-partum thyroiditis can be painful. 234 84

Painless (silent) thyroiditis (PT) occurred simultaneously in 1 male and 4 females aged 21 to 52 years working at a nursery school. Clinical symptoms did not include goiter, or pain or tenderness of the neck in any of the patients but were characterized by edema of the lower legs as well as palpitation and loss of body weight as observed in subacute thyroiditis. General blood analysis showed that all patients were negative for C-reactive protein (CRP) and 3 had mild impairment of liver function. Examination of thyroid function suggested transient thyrotoxicosis accompanied by a marked reduction in radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), but antithyroglobulin hemagglutination antibody (TGHA) and antithyroid microsomal hemagglutination antibody (MCHA) were negative in all patients. Examination of various viral antibodies showed no significant changes in their titers. Thyrotoxicosis was transient and disappeared without treatment or by glucocorticoid administration. Our results suggested that PT observed in this study was caused by some environmental factor. The possibility of an unidentified virus as a factor cannot be ruled out.
 ...
PMID:Five patients with painless thyroiditis simultaneously developed in a nursery school. 320 1

The glucuronidation of morphine and naloxone was investigated in several regions of the human brain. Post-mortem brain tissue specimens were obtained from 19 patients 15 of whom had had cancer. With a few exceptions, all cancer patients had been treated with opiates during the terminal stage of their life. The glucuronide formation of morphine and naloxone was studied in vitro after incubation of the brain microsomal fraction with the substrate and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA). The glucuronides were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Glucuronidation of morphine and naloxone was catalyzed in 6 of the 19 investigated tissue specimens. The rate of formation of naloxone-3-glucuronide (N3G) exceeded that of the morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G). Morphine-6-glucuronide formation was found in only 2 specimens, in which the formation rate was 10% of the formation rate of M3G. When morphine and naloxone were present simultaneously at equal concentrations (3 mM), the N3G/M3G formation rate ratio increased compared to that when the 2 substrates were incubated one by one. Our findings are interesting from a clinical point of view since the pathways studied represent both bioactivation and inactivation steps in the metabolism of opioids.
Pain 1988 Nov
PMID:Human brain metabolism of morphine and naloxone. 323 26

In experiments on 245 male rats there was studied the influence of an inductor of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, phenobarbital, an inhibitor of microsomal monooxygenases, cobalt chloride, and also coenzyme forms of vitamins B1 and B2, thiamine diphosphate and flavin mononucleotide on the anti-inflammatory effect of voltaren evaluated according to inhibition of an increase of the limb edema, a decrease of pain sensitivity, the blood level of fucose and the liver level of malondialdehyde in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Phenobarbital weakens the anti-inflammatory action of voltaren but at the same time cobalt chloride and thiamine diphosphate potentiate the therapeutic effect of voltaren. Flavin mononucleotide fails to modify the effect of voltaren but decreases however its toxicity.
 ...
PMID:[Influence of enzyme inducers and inhibitors of the metabolism of xenobiotics and of the coenzyme forms of vitamins B1 and B2 on the anti-inflammatory effect of voltaren]. 325 36

The toxic side-effects and anti-inflammatory activity of combination treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats with indomethacin and Probon, a new type of analgesic, were investigated. Following four weeks of treatment with a combination of these two drugs, the characteristic gastrointestinal side-effect of indomethacin was markedly reduced. Mortality resulting from administration of the drug combination was significantly lower than that resulting from indomethacin treatment alone. The reduced toxicity of indomethacin in combination with Probon is probably due to a change in metabolism produced by the hepatic microsomal enzyme inducer, Probon. The anti-inflammatory effect was also investigated using a contact thermographic method following one, three or seven days pretreatment. The advantage of this combination is that, using a higher dose of indomethacin in combination with the minor analgesic, we could achieve a more reliable anti-inflammatory effect together with a pain-killing action.
 ...
PMID:Investigation of the interaction between Probon and indomethacin in rats. 668 62

Radioreceptor and autoradiography studies using chicken spinal cords demonstrated that the binding density of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin ([125I]MEL) was significantly higher in the lumbar segment and the specific binding of [125I]MEL was localized in the gray matter. Subcellularly, different densities of binding sites were localized in the following order: nuclear > microsomal > mitochondrial > cytosolic. Localization of [125I]MEL binding sites in the dorsal gray matter of the chicken spinal cord suggests that melatonin plays a role in regulating the spinal cord functions which may associate with the modulation of temperature and pain transmission and/or visceral and autonomic functions.
 ...
PMID:Segmental, coronal and subcellular distribution of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin binding sites in the chicken spinal cord. 770 May 89

Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a primary pungent and irritating principle present in chilies and red peppers which are widely used as spices. Because of its selective effects on the functions of a defined subpopulation of sensory neurons, capsaicin is currently used as a versatile tool for the study of pain mechanisms and also for pharmacotherapy to treat several pain disorders. Considering the frequent consumption of capsaicin as a food additive and its current medicinal use, correct assessment of hazardous effects of this compound is important. Mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of capsaicin and chili extracts have been studied, but results are conflicting. Mammalian metabolism of capsaicin has been also reported. Capsaicin appears to interact with xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, particularly microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases which are involved in activation as well as detoxification of various chemical carcinogens and mutagens. Recent studies have shown that hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 catalyzes the conversion of capsaicin to reactive species such as the phenoxy radical intermediate capable of covalently binding to the active site of the enzyme as well as tissue macromolecules. While covalent modification of protein and nucleic acids leads to toxicity including necrosis, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis, suicidal inhibition of microsomal cytochrome P450 may prohibit further activation of capsaicin and also of other toxic xenobiotics. Results from recent studies indicate that capsaicin possesses the chemoprotective activity against some chemical carcinogens and mutagens.
 ...
PMID:Capsaicin, a double-edged sword: toxicity, metabolism, and chemopreventive potential. 774 93

While classifications into generations according to antimicrobial activity has helped clinicians incorporate the increasing number of cephalosporins into their pharmacological repertoire, adverse effects among the different agents fail to follow similar categories. In general, cephalosporins are fairly well tolerated antibiotics, and toxicity has been limited to specific agents. Subtle differences in chemical structure and pharmacokinetics can influence the potential for adverse effects. The route of administration may result in minor adverse reactions, including thrombophlebitis and pain. The most common adverse effects of cephalosporins are allergic reactions, occurring in 0.9 to 3.2% of patients. Cephalosporins have very rarely been associated with haematological toxicity (less than 1% of patients), but specific agents have been associated with neutropenia, hypoprothrombinaemia, haemolytic anaemia, and problems with platelet production and function. Other reactions include localised gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatotoxicity (e.g. biliary sludging), nephrotoxicity and mild central nervous system effects. The cephalosporins are generally well tolerated in the paediatric population. Very few interactions have been observed between cephalosporins and other drugs, largely because cephalosporins do not affect the microsomal P450 hepatic enzyme system. While cephalosporins are considered to be relatively 'safe' drugs, the introduction of newer members warrants continued careful observation for reporting of adverse drug reactions.
 ...
PMID:Adverse effects of newer cephalosporins. An update. 839 90

In addition to their potent vasoconstrictor properties, the endothelins (endothelin-1 and -3) may possess neurotransmitter/neuromediator and neuroendocrine actions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of endothelins (ET) in mediating neurogenic inflammation of cephalic tissues in the rat. For this purpose, bosentan, a specific non-peptide mixed antagonist of ET receptors, was tested in rat models of neurogenic and non-neurogenic plasma extravasation in the dura mater and extracranial tissues (eyelid, conjunctiva, lip, tongue). Bosentan was effective for preventing neurogenic inflammation in the dura mater induced by unilateral electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or intravenous injection of capsaicin, whereas it was ineffective in extracranial tissues or after injection of substance P (non-neurogenic inflammation). The effect of nerve fiber stimulation on ET plasma concentrations in superior sagittal sinus was measured using selective radioimmunoassays for ET-1 and -3. Endothelin-3 concentration significantly increased after intravenous injection of capsaicin, whereas ET-1 levels remained unchanged. Competition binding assays on microsomal membranes from the trigeminal ganglion revealed a single class of binding sites with equal affinity for ET-1 and ET-3, suggesting a homogenous population of ETB receptors. The role of ETB receptors in mediating inflammation was evidenced by the lack of efficacy of a selective ETA receptor antagonist, in contrast to the full efficacy of a selective ETB receptor antagonist, for preventing neurogenic inflammation induced by unilateral stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. The role of ETB receptors was finally confirmed by the observation that exogenous administration of the ETB receptor agonist sarafotoxin S6c also induced plasma protein extravasation in the dura mater. This extravasation was not a direct effect of ETB receptor stimulation, because it was inhibited by spantide, a selective tachykinin receptor antagonist. These data strongly suggest that ET, acting through ETB receptors, may play an important role in mediating neurogenic inflammation in the meninges of rats. Since the profile of activity of bosentan is similar to that of the 5-HT1D/B agonists, sumatriptan and ergot alkaloids, one may speculate that ET receptor antagonists might be potentially effective in the treatment of acute migraine attacks.
Pain 1996 Feb
PMID:Role of endothelin in mediating neurogenic plasma extravasation in rat dura mater. 874 Jun 9


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>