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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A compact light source has been developed. It consists of a high-pressure mercury lamp, a shutter, and water-cooled filters for selected wavelength regions. A mixing device permits simultaneous irradiation from two lamps of different wavelengths. The spectral distribution of the light for seven filter combinations and the construction of a power meter are also described. The application of the lamps to clinical investigations is illustrated by determination of minimal erythemal and blister doses, as well as pigmentation, for various groups of patients. The light intensities available are high enough to make pain threshold measurements possible in the UV and visible regions.
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PMID:Development of high intensity narrow-band lamps and studies of the irradiation effect on human skin. Irradiation with high intensity lamps. 5 55

Before public finance is committed to a particular public health measure it is essential that the project should be analytically evaluated. Cost-benefit analysis is one method of choosing between alternative programmes. It suffers from the disadvantage that, while costs can be accurately assessed, the benefit to an individual of freedom from pain, discomfort or inconvenience cannot be simply expressed in monetary terms. Such benefits may therefore be omitted from calculations of cost-benefit and a programme with valuable indirect or intangible benefits may not receive adequate consideration in competition with other alternatives. Futhermore, since benefits may only accrue some time after expenditure has been incurred, inflation distorts the significance of cost-benefit calculations. Cost-effectiveness analysis is an alternative method which enables one to determine the least expensive of several alternative methods of achieving a stated objective. The application of these concepts to preventive programmes against dental caries is described. Distinction must be made between the effectiveness of preventive measures during controlled clinical trials on limited numbers of subjects and their value when applied under field conditions to the whole community. Detailed comparisons are made between various methods of the application of fluorides caries prevention by community fluoridation water supply, school water fluoridation and topical application of fluorides. It is concluded that while completely accurate and valid analyses of cost-effectiveness are not possible, they do enable dentistry to view its activities more objectively and to indentify the real issues which should affect future decisions.
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PMID:Methods of assessing the cost-effectiveness of caries preventive agents and procedures. 11 Jul 4

Guinea worm infection is one of the most easily prevented parasitic diseases, but it is nevertheless a common cause of disability in rural areas of Africa, south-west Asia, and India. Infection occurs when drinking water is infested with infected Cyclops, a microcrustacean. Worms up to 70-80 cm in length develop in the subcutaneous tissues of the feet or legs and larvae are liberated to renew the cycle when an infected individual steps into a well or pond from which others draw drinking water. Infection is markedly seasonal because of (a) the influence of the climate on the types of water source used and (b) the developmental cycle of the parasite. The disability may be economically very important if the period of infection coincides with busy periods in the agricultural year. Sieving water through a cloth is sufficient to remove the Cyclops, but on a public health scale improved water supplies are required for control. Once the cycle of reinfection can be broken in any district the disease disappears. Chemical treatment of water bodies with temephos is also an effective and safe way of controlling transmission. Treatment consists of rolling out each emerging worm onto a small stick, a few centimetres each day, and certain drugs reduce the pain and pruritus and enable the worm to be removed more quickly.
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PMID:Guinea worm disease: epidemiology, control, and treatment. 16 22

On the base of plaque inhibition tests in at least three virus-host-systems and successful treatment of mice with experimentally induced yellow fever encephalitis a well known sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAGPS) "L5" was used as therapeutic agent in cases of zoster infection in man. The material was applied as 1% solution in water continuously on lint and rewettet for several days until nearly complete healing was achieved. The clinical course of 18 patients of former years (12 women, 6 men) was compared with 26 cases (19 women, 7 men) treated additionally with the new substance. All of them were carefully observed in the Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital in Berlin. Besides of registrating data as age and sex of the patients and the seasonal distribution of cases the course of illness was analyzed. The mean duration before admission to the hopsital was 4,9 days in the control group and 7,2 days in the L5-patients. Signs of organ diseases possibly acting as trigger mechanism for the remanifestation of the zoster were nearly twice in number in L5 cases than in the controls. Despite of this unfavorable stiutation the main parameters showed a clear tendency to return earlier to normal values in the GAGPS group. The fever was shortened. The blood lymphocytes normalized better with mean absolute values of 2400 in the L5-group and 3029 per m(3) in the control cases. The fall of the cell number in the liquor cerebrospinalis was more rapidly in the GAGPS treatment. The mean stay in the hospital was 33,2 days in L5 cases and 44,6 days in control patients respectively in the main group of age between 60 and 80 years. One death in the GAGPS group corresponded to four in the control group. In the local skin area the edema disappeared rapidly with beginning of treatment. Confluent vesicles flattened within 24 to 48 hours and no further efflorescences were seen. Pain diminished in few days. The good results justify continued trials.
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PMID:[Sulphated glycosaminoglycans as virus inhibitors. 4th communication: clinical aspects of zoster with the proposal of a new treatment (author's transl)]. 19 Aug 22

In addition to the well-known activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis, acute exposure to severe stressors includes a temporary analgesia in rats. Thus, the present study investigates whether the pituitary was involved in the mediation of analgesia induced by severe cold-water swim (CWS) stress. Flinch-jump thresholds were measured 30 min following 3.5-min swims in water temperatures ranging from 2-35 degrees C. Compared with untreated normal rats, hypophysectomized rats, receiving corticosterone and thyroxin, displayed significantly less CWS-induced analgesia, while similarly-supplemented normal rats exhibited significantly more CWS-induced analgesia. In a second experiment, operant liminal escape pain thresholds were determined following acute and chronic CWS. Whereas normal rats exhibited profound analgesia following the initial swims, the hypophysectomized rats never displayed any CWS-induced operant escape shifts. Stress-induced alterations in general activity levels and/or thermoregulation were shown to be unrelated to the diminished effectiveness of CNS to produce analgesia in hypophysectomized rats. These data imply that the pituitary is involved in the mediation of CWS-induced analgesia.
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PMID:Analgesia induced by cold-water stress: attenuation following hypophysectomy. 22

This is a preliminary report of our clinical experience with etomidate, a new intravenous non-barbiturate anaesthetic agent. Thirty-two patients undergoing minor surgical procedures were anaesthetized, induction being with etomidate 0.3 mg/kg body weight. Induction was fast and smooth. Twenty-eight per cent of the patients complained of pain at site of injection but the pain disappeared on flushing with water for injection. Following etomidate injection, 37.5 per cent of patients developed myoclonic movements which were usually mild and self-limiting. We were impressed by the relative stability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Etomidate looks promising and further work is in progress on other aspects of this drug.
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PMID:Clinical trial of etomidate. Preliminary observations on a new non-barbiturate induction agent. 31 6

Skin-graft donor sites covered with a sterile polyurethane drape that is permeable to water vapor, but not to bacteria, heal under a fluid exudate. Re-epithelialization occurs more rapidly and with less pain than under the conventional paraffin gauze dressing.
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PMID:A new treatment of split-skin graft donor sites. 32 18

A double-blind crossover trial of fenclofenac was untertaken to compare the short-term effects of phenylbutazone (Butacote) therapy with fenclofenac therapy (1200 mg daily) in 23 patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. The patients were randomly allocated to each of the test drugs for a period of two weeks, following wash-out periods of paracetamol for four days. The results favoured Butacote therapy in a dosage of 300 mg daily in the expressed preferences of both the patients and the physicians conducting the trial. Butacote was also better tolerated, as no severe side-effects occurred during treatment, whereas five patients developed a widespread rash during the period of fenclofenac therapy. No significant differences were seen between the two drugs in terms of clinical measurements of pain, morning stiffness, spinal movements, chest expansion, and abduction of the hips. Butacote was shown to cause some significant depletion of haemoglobin level, probably due to water retention, and Butacote also reduced the serum urate level to a significant degree.
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PMID:A controlled comparative trial of Butacote and fenclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. 33 11

A quantitative method for measuring pain threshold by the use of ultrasonic stimulation in man was designed and the possibility of clinical application in assessing analgesics was investigated. Ultrasonic stimulus was given to Japanese subjects on the palmer distal part of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of both hands. The latent time between start of the stimulation and withdrawal of the hand when perceiving pain was considered the pain threshold. The ultrasonic evoked pain was a sharp pin-prick type, without sensations such as thermal and mechanical. The pain threshold lowered with increasing either stimulus intensity or water bath temperature when the hand of the subject was immersed during measurement. Normal threshold to ultrasonic stimulation measured in both 50 men and 50 women gave nearly normal distribution curves; women being more sensitive to ultrasonics than men. Analgesia with codeine phosphate (20 mg p.o.), aspirin (1.5, 1.0, 0.5 g p.o.), aminopyrine (100 mg p.o.) and mefenamic acid (500 mg p.o.) in volunteers of both sexes was demonstrated significantly using this method under double blind circumstances. Pentobarbital, diazepam, butylscopolamine, bromelain and placebo each in the usual dose used clinically failed to alter the pain threshold. Humans were at least 25 fold more sensitive than mice to the analgesics used herein.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of analgesics using ultrasonic stimulation. A new method. 33 41

In 30 human subjects, experimental pain was produced by either ischemia or cold-water immersion. In a double-blind procedure, intravenous doses of up to 10 milligrams of naloxone hydrochloride in saline were indistinguishable from similarly administered saline alone. There were no effects on subjective pain ratings, finger plethysmograph recordings, or responses to mood-state questionnaires. These laboratory procedures do not activate any functionally significant pain-attenuating or mood-altering effect of endorphins.
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PMID:Endorphins: naloxone fails to alter experimental pain or mood in humans. 34 50


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