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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Various monoolein-water systems containing tramadol HCl, a potent analgesic, were formulated to obtain sustained-release dosage forms which could be administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intrathecal injections. They were examined for their in vitro drug-release profiles and in vivo analgesic properties in rats in a 14 h period following intramuscular administration. In order to obtain a lower viscosity, we have substituted a part of monoolein by oleic acid and phospholipids. Both binary (monoolein-water) and quaternary (oleic acid-phospholipid-monoolein-water) formulations exhibited controlled drug-release profiles which were accelerated by surfactant adjunction. This surfactant action was probably due to structural changes in the lipid arrangement and was much more pronounced for the modified formulations. According to the results obtained in vitro, formulations with slower drug release (i.e. the native formulation and the modified one without surfactant) were selected for assessment of their in vivo properties. Both formulations demonstrated prolonged analgesic activities in the rat tail flick test manifested by stable pain relief during more than 10 h compared with the 3 to 4 h analgesia obtained with the commercially available tramadol HCl solution. The sustained-release capabilities were evaluated by using a modified half value duration (HVD) ratio and all sustained-released formulations exhibited a HVD ratio equal or superior to 3.9.
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PMID:In vitro/in vivo characterization of a tramadol HCl depot system composed of monoolein and water. 1082 77

This investigation evaluated the use and efficacy of prilocaine HCl (4% plain Citanest) for minimizing pain associated with the intraoral administration of local anesthesia. Clinical anecdotes support the hypothesis that prilocaine without a vasoconstrictor reduces pain during injection. To determine relative injection discomfort, use of 4% plain prilocaine was compared with use of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin. Prior to routine endodontic procedures, 150 adult patients received 0.3 to 1.8 mL of local anesthetic via the same gauge needle without the use of a topical local anesthetic. Injection methods included buccal infiltration, labial infiltration, palatal infiltration, and inferior alveolar nerve block. Following each injection, patients were asked to describe the level of discomfort by scoring on a visual analog scale of 1 to 10, where 1 = painless and 10 = severe pain. Analyses via 2-way analysis of variance revealed no interaction between anesthetic and site of injection. However, there were statistically significant differences among the injection sites. Post hoc analysis revealed that prilocaine was associated with significantly less pain perception when compared to mepivacaine and lidocaine. These results suggest that differences in initial pain perception during transmucosal injection may be a function of the local anesthetic use, and prilocaine can produce less discomfort than the others tested.
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PMID:Evaluation of prilocaine for the reduction of pain associated with transmucosal anesthetic administration. 1085 65

The bioavailability of buprenorphine, HCl (BPP) in sheep after nasal administration of two formulations has been studied. 0.9 mg BPP in 150 microl was administered nasally and compared to 0.6 mg i.v. The test solutions were formulated with 30% polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) and 5% dextrose, respectively. The bioavailability for PEG 300 was 70% (S.D.+/-27%, n=6), whereas the bioavailability for 5% dextrose was 89% (S.D.+/-23%, n=6). A two-compartment model with initial and terminal serum half-lives of 10 and 23 min, respectively, may describe the pharmacokinetics. The rate of absorption for both nasal formulations was very fast (t(max)=10 min). The C(max) was 37 ng/ml (S.D.+/-17) and 48 (S.D.+/-10) for PEG 300 and dextrose, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two formulations, but PEG 300 has advantages in relation to freezing point depression and solubility, which may be considered if further studies are going to be initiated. The high nasal bioavailability and short time to maximal plasma concentration suggests that it is possible to make a clinically relevant nasal formulation of BPP for the treatment of pain.
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PMID:Intranasal absorption of buprenorphine--in vivo bioavailability study in sheep. 1100 May 52

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oral pain disorder occurring primarily in post-menopausal women and is frequently accompanied by taste complaints. This association of symptoms suggests an interaction between the mechanisms of nociception and gustation, two senses with strong hedonic components. Seventy-three patients of the Taste and Smell Clinic at the University of Connecticut Health Center who reported experiencing 'unexplained oral burning' were evaluated for taste function. Both intensity ratings and quality identifications were measured for a concentration series of sucrose ('sweet'), NaCl ('salty'), citric acid ('sour') and quinine-HCl ('bitter'). The 57 women with BMS gave lower intensity ratings to NaCl and sucrose than comparably aged, same sex controls. Concentrations of NaCl and sucrose >0.10 M were most affected; concentrations of sucrose and NaCl <0.10 M were rated similarly by BMS and control women. No intensity differences were found for citric acid or quinine-HCl at any concentration and no differences were evident between the 16 BMS men and the 14 control men for any stimulus. The BMS women also misidentified the quality of 19% of the stimuli that were detected whereas control women misidentified 8%. Both groups detected a similar proportion of stimuli and found lower stimulus concentrations more difficult to identify than higher concentrations. Identification of NaCl as 'salty' and citric acid as 'sour' was particularly difficult for BMS women. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pain pathway activation may affect neural and behavioral taste function.
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PMID:Taste function in patients with oral burning. 1101 29

Since the introduction of cocaine local analgesia in 1886, and the subsequent development of procaine (1904) and other closely related ester-type compounds, dentistry has prided itself on being as close to 'painless' as possible. In the late 1940s the newest group of the local anesthetic compounds, the amides, was introduced. The initial amide local analgesic, lignocaine (Xylocaine), revolutionised pain control in dentistry worldwide. In succeeding years other amide-type local anesthetics, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine, were introduced. They gave the dental practitioner a local anesthetic armamentarium which provided pulpal analgesia for periods of from 20 minutes (mepivacaine) to as long as three hours (bupivacaine and etidocaine with adrenaline). In addition these popular drugs proved to be more rapid-acting than the older ester-type drug and, at least from the perspective of allergenicity, more safe. In 1976, in Germany, the newest amide local analgesic, carticaine HCl was introduced into dentistry. Articaine (the generic name was changed) possesses properties similar to lignocaine but has additional properties which made the drug quite attractive to the general dental practitioner. In 1986 articaine was introduced in North America (Canada) where it has become the most used local anesthetic, supplanting lignocaine. Articaine has been approved for use in the United Kingdom. In this introductory discussion we review the development of articaine and discuss its place in the dental local analgesic armamentarium.
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PMID:[New anesthetics]. 1103 79

The On-Q system provides long-term pain relief with continuous infusion of a local anesthetic directly into the trocar site after operative laparoscopy. An elastometric pump filled with bupivacaine HCl and a catheter, inserted by the surgeon, delivers 48 hours of anesthesia (100 ml) at a rate of 2 ml/hour. The pump is secured to the outer surgical dressing or to the patient's clothing with tape or an E clip provided in the package. The system can be removed by the patient when the infusion is complete.
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PMID:On-Q system for managing trocar site pain after operative laparoscopy. 1104 12

Pain control is an important consideration after any surgical procedures. Especially in children, more attention and care are needed during the period of postoperative pain control, which must be both sufficiently safe and effective. In this respect, intravenous patient-controlled analgesia provides improved titration of analgesic drugs, thereby maintaining optimal analgesic status with few side effects. Thirty pediatric patients were randomly divided into two groups: the intravenous patient-controlled analgesia group (with nalbuphine HCl and ketorolac tromethamine) and the conventional pethidine HCl intramuscular group. The degree of analgesia was assessed every 4 hours until the second postoperative day. The intravenous patient-controlled analgesia group had significantly lower pain scores and took less time until they were able to walk to the bathroom, but as many side effects as the control group. We concluded that intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is safe and effective for pediatric patients who have moderate to severe pain after operations such as rib cartilage graft, iliac bone graft, and large flap surgeries.
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PMID:Postoperative pain management using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pediatric patients. 1131 21

Diminished tissue injury and shortened clinical recovery are benefits of using an endoscopic approach for patients needing operative procedure. In the course of developing an experimental model requiring procurement of topographically precise lung biopsy specimens, we sought to apply thoracoscopy as a research alternative to thoracotomy. In addition, we investigated the influence of thoracoscopy on postprocedure recovery practices using rabbits divided into four treatment groups. Rabbit groups 1 and 2 underwent thoracoscopy and lung biopsy while maintained by one-lung anesthesia. Additionally, group 2 had ketoprofen and bupivacaine HCl analgesics injected for treatment during postprocedure recovery. These two groups were compared to control rabbits in groups 3 and 4, which underwent inhalant anesthesia without thoracoscopy. Control group 3 also received the injection analgesic combination. During recovery, rabbit behavior was systematically assessed for evidence of pain. No behavior considered indicative of pain needing intervention was observed regardless of treatment group. Limited changes in plasma corticosterone, catecholamines, and prostaglandin E2 levels measured during recovery were difficult to associate with any treatment. Unexpectedly, significantly different mean corticosterone and catecholamines levels were detected in rabbits given the injection analgesic combination in the absence of thoracoscopic procedure, as compared to other treatment groups. The results highlight the importance of awareness that analgesic drug administration has the potential to alter homeostasis and affect interpretation of some study findings by its own guise. Correlation of the mean pain study results with plasma biochemical data supports preferential use of thoracoscopy as a refinement for limiting postprocedural pain in research models.
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PMID:Thoracoscopy as a nonpharmacotherapeutic research modification for limiting postoperative chest pain. 1139 18

The endogenous fatty acid ethanolamide, palmitylethanolamide, alleviated, in a dose-dependent manner, pain behaviors elicited in mice by injections of formalin (5%, intraplantar), acetic acid (0.6%, 0.5 ml per animal, intraperitoneal, i.p.), kaolin (2.5 mg per animal, i.p.), and magnesium sulfate (120 mg per kg, i.p.). The antinociceptive effects of palmitylethanolamide were prevented by the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist SR144528 [N-([1s]-endo-1.3.3-trimethylbicyclo[2.3.1]heptan-2-yl)-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide], not by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A [N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide x HCl]. By contrast, palmitylethanolamide had no effect on capsaicin-evoked pain behavior or thermal nociception. The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide), alleviated nociception in all tests (formalin, acetic acid, kaolin, magnesium sulfate, capsaicin and hot plate). These effects were prevented by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A, not the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist SR141716A. Additional fatty acid ethanolamides (oleylethanolamide, myristylethanolamide, palmitoleylethanolamide, palmitelaidylethanolamide) had little or no effect on formalin-evoked pain behavior, and were not investigated in other pain models. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous palmitylethanolamide participates in the intrinsic control of pain initiation. They also suggest that the putative receptor site activated by palmitylethanolamide may provide a novel target for peripherally acting analgesic drugs.
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PMID:Antinociceptive activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide. 1142 41

We produced thiamine deficiency by treating mice with a thiamine deficient (TD) diet, but not with pyrithiamine, a thiamine antagonist. Twenty days after TD feeding, a significant antinociceptive effect was observed in the formalin test. A single injection of thiamine HCl (50 mg/kg, s.c.) on the 19th day after TD feeding (on the late TD stage) failed to reverse the antinociceptive effect, the muricide effect, and impairment of avoidance learning induced by TD feeding, as compared to pair-fed controls. These results indicate the possibility that the TD-induced antinociceptive effect may result from irreversible changes in the spinal and/or brain neurons. To clarify the involvement of substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SST) systems in the spinal cord, we examined the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) injections of these agonists on TD feeding-inducd elevation of pain threshold. I.t. injection of SP and SST elicited a behavioral response consisting of reciprocal hindlimb scratching, biting and/or licking of hindpaws. There was no significant difference in the behavioral response to SP between TD mice and PF mice on the 5th day after feeding. However, on the 10th and 20th day after TD feeding the response to SP was significantly increased compared with PF mice. This phenomenon was also observed with SST on the 20th day after TD feeding. These results indicate the possibility that TD feeding may produce an increased behavioral response to SP and SST through an enhanced sensitivity of neurokinin-1 and SST receptors in the spinal cord. Taken together, the antinociceptive effect following TD feeding may result from a decrease in spinal SP and SST contents.
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PMID:Antinociceptive effect following dietary-induced thiamine deficiency in mice: involvement of substance P and somatostatin. 1150 48


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