Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Meclofenamic acid is an analgesic endowed with anti-inflammatory properties. Its main activity is the combined inhibition of leukotrienes and prostaglandins synthesis, yet it is also able to antagonize the peripheral effects of prostaglandins. This particular feature explains why the effect of this drug is so fast, especially when administered orally. The pharmacological properties and good tolerability of meclofenamic acid propose the use of this drug for the treatment of various types of pain, particularly at osteoarticular localization. Recent comparative studies with meclofenamic sodium versus placebo, indomethacin, oxyphenbutazone, and diclofenac confirmed that meclofenamate sodium is very effective, significantly reducing pain as well as the subjective and objective symptoms accompanying it. The findings of these studies have also highlighted a particularly favorable safety profile. Our study primarily focused on assessing the effectiveness and tolerability of this drug in 82 patients affected with extraarticular rheumatism localized in various sites. Meclofenamic acid (as a sodium salt) was orally administered in doses of 100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks. The assessment of the drug's clinical effectiveness took into account the various aspects of pain (spontaneous, on motion, due to active contrasted movements) and quantified it using a 5-point rating scale (0 = absence of pain; 5 = very intense pain). At the end of the 2-week observation period, both the investigator and the patient gave their opinion as to the effectiveness and tolerability of the drug. The treatment was found to be highly effective in reducing pain in 59.7% of the patients, regardless of the nature and location of the rheumatic process. Tolerability was rated good-to-excellent in 72% of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clin J Pain 1991
PMID:Clinical experiences in the treatment of pain in rheumatology. 181 May 26

Ketorolac is a non-steroidal agent with potent analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory activity. It is administered as the tromethamine salt orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, and as a topical ophthalmic solution. Clinical studies indicate single-dose efficacy greater than that of morphine, pethidine (meperidine) and pentazocine in moderate to severe postoperative pain, with some evidence of a more favourable adverse effect profile than morphine or pethidine. In single-dose studies ketorolac has also compared favourably with aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and a few other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. If further investigation confirms the initially favourable findings regarding efficacy and tolerability, ketorolac will be a useful alternative to opioid agents in postsurgical pain. It may well also find use in acute musculoskeletal pain, where it appears at least as effective as other agents with which it has been compared. From the limited clinical data available, ketorolac also seems promising in the treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions. Additional multiple-dose studies are required to evaluate fully the potential of ketorolac in the management of chronic pain states where it has shown superior efficacy to aspirin. In summary, ketorolac offers promise as an alternative to opioid and to other nonsteroidal analgesics in ameliorating moderate to severe postsurgical pain, and with wider clinical experience may find a place in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal and other pain states, and ocular inflammatory conditions.
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PMID:Ketorolac. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential. 217 16

Bromfenac [2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)benzenacetic acid, sodium salt sesquihydrate] exhibited potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in mice and rats. In a mouse model of pain (acetylcholine abdominal constriction), bromfenac showed a rapid onset of activity (20 min) that persisted for at least 4 hr. In a rat model of inflammation (carrageenan foot edema), a single oral dose of bromfenac, 0.316 mg/kg, produced significant anti-inflammatory activity up to 24 hr after dosing. Bromfenac was readily absorbed after oral administration, peak plasma levels being achieved at the earliest time tested: 20 min in the mouse and 30 min in the rat. The plasma half-life of bromfenac in rats is less than 4 hr. Since the anti-inflammatory activity persisted for 20 to 24 hr in spite of its short plasma half-life, it appears that there is no direct correlation between duration of activity and plasma drug level.
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PMID:Bromfenac, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: relationship between the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity and plasma drug levels in rodents. 236 77

Milk of calcium renal stone refers to an entity described in connection to a similar condition in gallbladder disease. The intrarenal accumulation of calcium carbonate imitates a calcific density and frequently is located within a caliceal diverticulum or a pyelogenic cyst. Symptomatology, if present, mainly refers to a continuous flank distress but colicky pain complaints are rare. The diagnosis is radiological. The typical impression of a shifting fluid level is apparent when comparing x-rays with the patient in the supine position, and in the upright and lateral projections. When extracorporeal shock waves are applied on this target no fragmentation is achieved. Although the calcium content will account for a difference in acoustical impedance, neither a cleavage nor a fracture plane can be generated within the fluid calcium salt deposits.
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PMID:An intrarenal opacity resisting extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. 239 69

Measurements of action potentials recorded from giant nerve fibres of the crayfish abdomen showed that by addition of an organic acid salt to a local anaesthetic solution, the onset of anaesthetic action became more rapid and the duration of action was prolonged. Similar results were also obtained in rat vagal nerves. The chemical structure of compounds having these enhancing effects was found to have, in common, a carboxyl group connected with either a benzene ring or an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Topical application of anaesthetic solutions to the skin of flexor side of the forearm in humans revealed that the duration of anaesthesia evaluated by the apparent decrease of the number of pain points was significantly prolonged by the addition of salicylate. The use of local anaesthetics combined with organic acid salts would be promising in clinical practice to enhance their action greatly.
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PMID:Enhancement of local anaesthesia action by organic acid salts. (I): Possible change of excitability in nerve fibre membrane. 244 78

Intravenous administration of acetyl salicylate of lysine, a soluble salt of aspirin, reduced in rats the firing discharge of thalamic neurones, evoked by noxious stimuli. Concomitantly, concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid increased, while those of met-enkephalin-like immuno-reactive derivatives were decreased in several areas of the brain. Similar electrophysiological and biochemical responses were obtained by administering tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan plus carbidopa. The effect of aspirin on the evoked firing of the thalamic neurones was counteracted by pretreating the animals with metergoline. On the other hand, naloxone did not antagonize the inhibitory effect of aspirin and 5-hydroxytryptophan on pain-induced neuronal excitation. These data indicate that a serotonin-, but not a naloxone-sensitive opiate mechanism, may be relevant for aspirin-mediated antinociception.
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PMID:Effect of aspirin on serotonin and met-enkephalin in brain: correlation with the antinociceptive activity of the drug. 245 74

A human case infected with Stellantchasmus falcatus(Heterophyidae) is reported based on the adult worms collected after praziquantel treatment. The patient is a 33-year old male residing in Seoul. For several months he experienced vague abdominal discomfort and hunger pain. Praziquantel at a single dose of 600 mg was given followed by purgation with magnesium salt, and 17 adult S. falcatus specimens were collected from the diarrheal stools. He recalled he had eaten raw flesh of several kinds of brackish water fishes. This is the 4th human case of S. falcatus infection in Korea.
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PMID:A human case of Stellantchasmus falcatus infection. 248 40

The authors describe 'salt and pepper on the face' pain in a case of medullary arteriovenous malformation (AVM), which was caused by post-operative hemorrhage from a very small residual nidus of AVM left remaining in the left dorsal medulla. The peculiar, sharp, jabbing pain, which has been rarely reported at the onset of intracranial hemorrhage, was followed by acute elevation of blood pressure, arrhythmia, cardiac and respiratory arrests. The patient had been in a comatose state for a month and gradually recovered from the cardiopulmonary and neurological derangements. The pathophysiology of the phenomenon which occurred in this case is discussed.
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PMID:'Salt and pepper on the face' pain followed by cardiac and respiratory arrests. The stormy postoperative manifestations after the surgery of posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation. 254 26

Bradykinin (BK) have been involved in a lot of pharmacological and biological effects including natriuresis, vasodilatation, inflammation and pain mediation. All these potent effects of BK are presumably mediated via one or more specific receptors which have been classified in two types named B1 and B2 receptors. In the kidney, specific binding have been reported successively in cortical epithelial membranes, in renomedullary interstitial cells and in cortical collecting tubules. Furthermore, since a large number of vasoactive compounds have been shown to regulate renal glomerular hemodynamics, we examined the binding of BK in rat glomerular membranes and the effect of variable salt diet on the density (Bmax) and the dissociation constant (KD) of this binding. Incubation of a radiolabeled bradykinin analog, [125I]-Tyr8-BK with a crude membrane preparation obtained from isolated rat glomeruli revealed a time dependent binding. The binding was saturable, reversible and was a linear function of protein membrane concentration. The radiolabeled Tyr8-BK bound to a single class of binding sites with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 2.75 +/- 0.7 nM and a density (Bmax) of 32.1 +/- 5.2 fmol/mg protein. [125I]-Tyr8-BK binding was reversed by bradykinin (Ki = 0.4 10(-9) M) and by other kinin analogs. However, Des-Arg9-BK had no effect on binding of the radiolabelled BK. These results are consistent with the presence of a B2-kinin like receptor in rat glomeruli. Low salt diet (during one month) and water deprivation (during 4 days) induced a decrease in the density of glomerular BK like receptors respectively (Bmax = 12.45 +/- 1.3 and 13.25 +/- 1.17 fmol/mg protein).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Evidence for a glomerular receptor for bradykinin in rats. Effect of sodium intake on density and affinity of the receptor]. 255 36

The phenol and alcohol procedure still remains as one of the most effective and gratifying means of treatment for symptomatic ingrown nails. Most of the literature is concerned with length and manner of application and various forms of postoperative management. Several points must be stressed. In order to be effective, the procedure must be performed in a bloodless field. In lieu of using a tourniquet, a mixture of lidocaine-epinephrine 1:100:000 has been found to be an appropriate way to attain hemostasis. We have not experienced any complication to date. A partial procedure should be performed whenever the remaining nail plate may become symptomatic. Concerning the length and manner of application, the times presented should be used as an average. The application should be based on an observation of tissue change. In general, we have found it more favorable to overapply, rather than risk the chance of recurrence. Preoperatively the patient is fully advised of the projected postoperative period and understands that this will eventually coincide with a more favorable result. Following removal of the offending nail border, we advocate aggressive curettage of the nail groove and matrix cavity. The fresh phenol is applied with pressure within the nail groove, matrix, and roof of the matrix. The use of an alcohol flush serves as a mechanical irrigation rather than a neutralizing agent. The incorporation of Adaptic serves as a drain which is removed on postoperative day 1 along with the accumulated coagulum. This removal of necrotic tissue will facilitate drainage. The patient is instructed to soak in a betadine, salt water solution followed by the application of cortisporin otic solution and dry sterile dressing. The cortisporin otic solution serves as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory topical agent. The soaking and cortisporin regimen continue until healing is achieved. Overall, we have found the phenol-alcohol matrixectomy to be simple and gratifying to perform. The procedure is virtually pain free and nondisabling to the patient.
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PMID:Phenol and alcohol chemical matrixectomy. 265 Aug 53


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