Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is still used in Czechoslovakia to inhibit lactation. The use of DES for this purpose was begun in 1933, when it was shown the hormone could inhibit lactation in the rabbit. 20 years ago, double blind studies disproved the effectiveness of DES and other estrogens in stopping lactation. DES (5 mg. 3x daily for 5 days), dienesterol with methyltestosterone (1.25 mg. + 10 mg., 2 tablets 3x the 1st day, 2 tablets 2x the 2nd day, and 1 tablet daily for the next 5 days), and testosterone propionate with DES (intramuscular injections of testosterone at birth and 24 hours later, 5 mg. oral DES 3x daily for 3 days) were not more effective than placebo in stopping lactation. Only intramuscular injections of 360 mg. testosterone and 16 mg. estradiol immediately after birth was more effective than placebo in preventing the pain and engorgement of breasts due to lactation. It has also been demonstrated that 5 mg. DES 3x daily for 5 days had the effect of raising plasma prolactin levels when compared to placebo. Since prolactin is necessary to begin and mantain lactation, DES may actually worsen the condition it is proscribed to ameliorate. Alpha-bromokryptin is an effective pharmacological inhibitor of lactation, but supporting the breasts, preventing nipple stimulation, and the application of analgesics is sufficient to diminish the discomforts due to lactaton within 24-48 hours.
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PMID:[Termination of lactation, diethylstilbestrol and prolactin]. 44

In cases of abortion; stillbirths; or immediate neonatal death, the need to suppress lactation is important. This study compares the value of stilbestrol versus bromocriptine on the suppression of lactation. 26 healthy puerperial women who delivered at the University College Hospital participated in the study. Suppression of lactation was indicated for late midtrimester abortion in 2 patients, stillbirths in 12, immediate neonatal deaths in 10, and voluntary suppression of lactation in 2. Bromocriptine (2.5 mg. b.d. for 12 days) was prescribed for 13 patients while stilbestrol (5 mg. td.s. for 7 days) was given to 13 patients. Serum blood samples were collected from patients for analysis of prolactin level. The double antibody radioimmunoassay technique as described by Midgley was used, and Weinstein et al's screening system assessed the daily effectiveness of treatment. On the 7th day postpartum when the drug's effectiveness was indicated by a % change in mean serum prolactin, a significant statistical difference between the 2 groups ( p 0.001) in favor of bromocriptine was observed (77.62% for bromocriptine and 30.75% for stilbestrol). Stilbestrol was less effective in lactation suppression and 5 patients had poor response to it as manifested by breast engorgement, milk production and pain. The study suggests that bromocriptine can effectively suppress lactation. However, further research should be done to determine significant side effects, particularly effects on clotting factors, hepatic and renal functions.
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PMID:Suppression of lactation comparing stilboestrol and bromocriptine (CB154). 46 44

Forty-one patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate (stage IV) were treated with diethylstilbestrol or bilateral orchidectomy or both and followed for a period of two years. The effect of treatment was determined every six months and was based on the size and consistency of the primary lesions on rectal palpation, the effects on pain, obstructive symptoms, osseous metastases, level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase and on the overall clinical evaluation of the patient. Bilateral orchidectomy was as effective as a combination of bilateral orchidectomy and diethylstilbestrol therapy. Diethylstilbestrol given alone was less effective. The poorer results obtained were attributed to the failure of many patients to adhere strictly to their estrogen regimen. Rectal digital palpation of the prostate as well as an estimation of the level of serum prostatic acid phosphatase is recommended in developing countries for all male patients over 50 years of age seen at the hospital.
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PMID:Effect of estrogen therapy on metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. 59 Dec 15

The effectiveness of monophasic and multiphasic oral contraceptives (OCs) depends on their ability to suppress ovulation, change endometrial growth and ovum receptivity, and reduce cervical mucus receptivity to sperm. They are all more than 99% effective, but, depending on the type and dose of hormone components, they have different side effects. The estrogen component (ethinyl estradiol) of most new OCs is between 30 and 35 mcg, which reduces the risk of estrogen side effects, especially thromboembolism and hypertension. The Food and Drug Administration does not recommend use of an OC with an estrogen component for lactating mothers, while the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Academy of Pediatrics believe it is fine. Estrogen may protect against coronary artery disease, yet the estrogen component of today's OCs is so low that the progestin component may cancels this beneficial effect. It also prevents breakthrough bleeding. The most frequently used progestins in OCs are norethindrone and norgestrel. They prevent ovum implantation, sperm penetration through the cervical mucus, and ovulation. Progestins, especially norgestrel, increase the risk of coronary artery disease. Other side effects include acne and weight gain. Progestin benefits are reduced menstrual blood loss, pain during menstruation, premenstrual tension, and endometrial cancer risk. The ideal estrogen-progestin balance depends on the individual, but the estrogen component should be between 30 and 35 mcg, and the progestin component should be the lowest possible dose to reduce metabolic side effects. If an OC user with a well stabilized cycle who takes another recently prescribed drug experiences unexpected breakthrough bleeding or spotting, this change may indicate a drug interaction. Absolute and/or possible contraindications of OC use are smoking after age 35, history of breast or endometrial cancer, liver disease or impaired liver function, cardiovascular risk factors, and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Benefits and risks of oral contraceptive use. 143 13

Estrogen-related cardiovascular dysfunction was noted in 23 out of 30 patients with prostatic cancer (PC). Coronary subjects with PC suffered from cardiac pain evident on ECG necessitating correction by effective doses of coronary active drugs. PC patients with essential hypertension exhibited frequent headache, progressive edema of the legs, drastic hypertensive reactions. It is held that estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer should be preceded and monitored by therapeutic evaluation responsible for optimal conditions to prevent and early diagnose cardiovascular complications.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and therapeutic correction of changes in the cardiovascular system of patients with prostatic cancer treated with estrogens]. 208 39

Between 1977 and 1986, 11 patients with painful gynecomastia after DES therapy were referred for palliative radiotherapy. The treatment regimens varied from 20 Gy in 5 fractions to 40 Gy in 20 fractions. All 11 patients had satisfactory pain relief on follow-up. All 7 patients who had more than 6 months follow-up had complete relief of mammalgia. The average interval between completion of radiotherapy to complete relief of mammalgia was 3.6 months. This study revealed that radiotherapy is highly effective in palliating mammalgia associated with gynecomastia after DES therapy in prostate cancer patients.
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PMID:Effective radiotherapy in palliating mammalgia associated with gynecomastia after DES therapy. 245 32

In this article we investigate the impact of estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement on both opioid and nonopioid stress-induced analgesia. Stage of estrous strongly influenced analgesia. Diestrus females exhibited the typical male pattern produced by the analgesia inducing procedures used--strong nonopioid analgesia following 10-20 tailshocks, and strong opioid analgesia following 80-100 tailshocks. In these experiments the nonopioid analgesia was slightly attenuated during estrus, but the opioid analgesia was markedly reduced. The role of estrogen in producing these changes was studied with estrogen replacement in ovariectomized subjects. Ovariectomy only slightly altered nonopioid analgesia but eliminated opioid analgesia, which suggests that some estrogen might be necessary to maintain the integrity of the system(s) underlying opioid analgesia. Estrogen administration restored opioid analgesia, but further estrogen suppressed opioid analgesia, duplicating the estrus pattern. It did not suppress nonopioid analgesia. Opioid analgesia was enhanced 102 hr after estrogen replacement, thus duplicating the diestrus pattern. Estrogen thus appears to be responsible for the impact of estrous cycle on opioid but not on nonopioid analgesia. These results suggest that ovarian hormones may modulate the impact of stressors on endogenous pain inhibition and other stress-responsive systems.
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PMID:The estrous cycle and estrogen modulate stress-induced analgesia. 284 93

Buserelin (B) is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of native LHRH. Upon continued administration it reliably lowers the serum testosterone level to less than 100 ng/dl. It has been used in a clinical trial for the treatment of patients with stage C, D1, and D2 prostate cancer. Analysis of efficacy of testosterone suppression and toxicity included all 207 buserelin-treated patients. A comparison with historical controls from two National Prostate Cancer Project (NPCP) studies considered only the 147 evaluable patients with distant metastases (stage D2). All patients received buserelin, 500 micrograms q 8 hours subcutaneously (s.c.) for the first 7 days and then elected to take 200 micrograms s.c. daily or 400 micrograms q 8 hours by the intranasal (i.n.) route. Seventy-three percent elected s.c. administration. Only 2% changed the route of administration. The serum testosterone (T) level increased during week 1 in both the s.c. (426 ng/dl) and the i.n. (521 ng/dl) group but reached castrate (less than 100 mg/dl) levels by 4 weeks in 90% of patients. Subsequently, the likelihood of having a T level greater than 100 was higher for those treated by the i.n. than the s.c. route. The mean T level 4 and 12 months after therapy for the s.c. treated patients was 29 and 28. These values were 61 and 53 for those taking i.n. buserelin. This difference may in part be due to poor compliance. Toxicity was minor. Twelve percent of 151 s.c. treated patients had at least one episode of reaction at the injection site. None required discontinuation of the agent. Seventy-two percent experienced hot flushes; this was the same for both the s.c. and i.n. groups. Only 2 of 207 patients had a severe exacerbation of symptoms (spinal cord compression) during the first week of therapy. The criteria for response to therapy were those of the NPCP. There was no significant difference in the percentage of patients achieving a response when comparing the B-treated D2 patients to the NPCP D2 patients treated with DES, 3 mg daily, or orchiectomy. More of the B-treated patients entered with pain, a poor performance status, and weight loss than the DES/orchiectomy group. Nonetheless, the progression-free survival did not differ among the treatments. In summary, buserelin reliably lowers the serum T level by week 4 in 95% of men. Treatment efficacy is equivalent to a historical group treated with either DES or orchiectomy.
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PMID:Efficacy of buserelin in advanced prostate cancer and comparison with historical controls. 313 44

Women predominate at all ages among patients diagnosed as having primary fibromyalgia. Of 100 patients reviewed, the average age at onset of fibromyalgia was 46. Of 65 patients in whom menopause occurred before diagnosis of fibromyalgia, the average age at menopause was 42, and most of these women had menopause related to surgery and insufficient estrogen therapy. Estrogen deficit is, thus, a prominent promoting factor in the majority of fibromyalgia patients and is likely to have an effect on sleep, mood, and anxiety state. These emotional responses may subsequently be somatized as pain. Therefore, estrogen therapy should be added to the treatment armamentarium for fibromyalgia in selected patients.
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PMID:Fibromyalgia and menopause. Examination of the relationship. 346 50

Calmodulin concentration in pregnant rat uteri increased gradually and reached a level about three times that in non-pregnant rat at term. In human beings, uterine calmodulin content at term was about three times that in non-pregnant uteri, but there was no significant difference between the levels in uteri at term with and without labor pain. Estrogen increased the rat uterine calmodulin concentration, but progesterone did not change it.
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PMID:Calmodulin concentration in the uterus during pregnancy and influence of sex steroids. 402 72


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