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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Carprofen, flunixin meglumine and placebo in the form of a physiological solution of sodium chloride were tested in an open randomised cross-over trial for analgesic efficacy in horses with two external skin-stimulation systems. Both systems, the withers model and the "heating element" model, were compared in order to find an optimal way to measure pain perception after stimulating the skin with high temperature. No analgesic effect of flunixin or carprofen could be demonstrated when using the withers model. In the "heating element" model, a 1.1 mg/kg i.v. dose of flunixin meglumine failed to inhibit the peripheral pain, while it could be shown that a 0.7 mg/kg i.v. dose of carprofen inhibited the peripheral perception of pain in horses for approximately 24 hours after the drug injection. To induce an analgesic effect with carprofen, its plasma concentration had to be at least 1.5 micrograms/ml.
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PMID:Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the peripheral pain inhibition by carprofen and flunixin in the horse. 226 68

Carprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, showed marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in various relevant experimental models. The analgesic activity was restricted to conditions where pain was provoked by an inflammatory process. Induction of intestinal ulcers was the only side effect recognizable in animals and occurred only after high doses. Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by carprofen was slight in relation to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency. As ulcerogenicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is correlated with inhibition of the PG-synthesis, the insignificant impairment of the PG-synthesis in therapeutically effective doses may explain the good gastrointestinal tolerance repeatedly reported for carprofen in clinical trials.
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PMID:Pharmacological properties of carprofen. 698 64

Carprofen is a new non-steroidal compound with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties. Eighty patients with different types of extra-articular inflammatory processes such as periarthritis humero-scapularis, tendinitis, bursitis, etc., were studied by means of two double-blind protocol designs comparing carprofen 150 and 300 mg daily, either as a b.i.d. or a t.i.d. administration, for two weeks. The criteria to determine the therapeutic properties of the compound was based on the improvement of spontaneous pain, pain with movement and functional limitation. Evolution of symptoms showed that either 150 or 300 mg carprofen administered as a b.i.d. schedule, were equally effective (chi 2 test between groups was not significant). According to a t.i.d. schedule results were better with 300 mg. General tolerance was excellent and only 15% of the patients receiving 300 mg complained of side-effects, such as nausea, mild dermatitis, acidity and insomnia. In conclusion, carprofen 150 or 300 mg has a good therapeutical activity in extra-articular inflammatory processes, employing either a b.i.d. or a t.i.d. schedule.
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PMID:Experience with carprofen in extra-articular inflammatory processes. 698 66

Forty dogs undergoing a variety of orthopaedic surgical procedures were randomly assigned to one of two analgesic protocols, receiving either pethidine at 2 mg/kg pre-operatively and 3 mg/kg postoperatively, or carprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug at 4 mg/kg pre-operatively. Analgesia and sedation were assessed after the operations under double blind conditions using a discontinuous scoring system and a visual analogue scale. There was good agreement between the two scoring systems, and a statistical analysis of the visual analogue scores showed that carprofen provided slightly better pain relief than pethidine and produced less sedation. Carprofen provided good analgesia during the 18 hours the dogs were in hospital and no adverse side effects were observed.
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PMID:Postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and pethidine in dogs. 817 93

Forty dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures were assigned randomly to one of two groups. All the animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bodyweight) intramuscularly, and anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone sodium, or propofol in the case of lean animals, and maintained with halothane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture using a non-rebreathing circuit. The dogs in group 1 were given papaveretum (0.2 mg/kg) slowly intravenously within 35 minutes of induction of anaesthesia and the dogs in group 2 were given carprofen (4 mg/kg) in the same way. The dogs were scored for sedation and pain by a trained theatre nurse, who did not know which group they belonged to, using a visual analogue scale, at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes after the halothane was switched off at the end of the procedure. Nine of the dogs were withdrawn from the trial (eight of them from the papaveretum group) because of inadequate pain relief and these animals were given pethidine (3 mg/kg intramuscularly) which produced adequate analgesia within 15 minutes in all but one case. Carprofen provided profound analgesia which was as effective and of longer duration than that produced by papaveretum, and was associated with significantly less postoperative sedation and a quicker return to the normal conscious state.
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PMID:Comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and papaveretum in the dog. 823 40

The drugs most often used for pain relief in animals are the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and the opioid analgesics. The NSAIDS are effective, inexpensive, and long-acting drugs, but their degree of analgesia is limited by the adverse effects at high doses. The most common adverse effect from NSAIDS is gastritis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage and ulceration. This is most common from high doses, or from using NSAIDS not appropriate for dogs such as ibuprofen or indomethacin. The NSAIDS used in dogs include aspirin, phenylbutazone, naproxen, piroxicam, ketoprofen, and carprofen. Carprofen is a new drug with a low incidence of side effects and its popularity is increasing at a fast rate. For more acute pain, especially acute pain from surgery or trauma, opioids are frequently administered. Opioids have the advantage of higher efficacy when the dose is increased. The incidence of adverse effects is low, but side effects of sedation are common. An important disadvantage of opioids is their short duration and low oral absorption, which necessitates a frequent injection or i.v. infusion for most patients. Recent studies have established other applications for administration of opioids such as a transdermal fentanyl patch. These applications offer new possibilities for convenient administration.
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PMID:Principles of analgesic drug therapy. 915 65

Twenty-four healthy, mixed-breed hound-type dogs were evenly and randomly assigned to a placebo control group, one of four dosages of deracoxib (0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or carprofen (2.2 mg/kg). Oral dosing of placebo, carprofen, or deracoxib was done 30 minutes before intraarticular injection of urate crystal suspension for induction of synovitis. Ground reaction forces, subjective clinical lameness scores, pain, joint effusion, and quantitative pain threshold responses were measured in a blinded fashion before induction of synovitis and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after injection. The medium and high dosages of deracoxib were effective in preventing lameness and pain associated with synovitis. Carprofen was also somewhat effective in attenuating the severity of urate-induced synovitis but to a lesser degree than the medium dose of deracoxib. Preemptive deracoxib treatment at dosages as low as 1 mg/kg reduced lameness and pain of synovitis associated with intraarticular administration of urate crystals.
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PMID:Effect of deracoxib, a new COX-2 inhibitor, on the prevention of lameness induced by chemical synovitis in dogs. 1258 83

Elective ovariohysterectomy was performed on 66 cats. Surgical approach was flank (group F) or midline (group M) allocated by block randomisation. Pre-anaesthetic medication was acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg) via intramuscular injection. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopentone, and maintained with halothane in 100% oxygen. Carprofen (4 mg/kg) was administered by the subcutaneous route immediately after induction of anaesthesia. Postoperative pain and wound tenderness were assessed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 11-12 and 20-24h after the end of surgery, and the assessment outcome marked on visual analogue scales (VAS). Intervention analgesia (if pain VAS was >40 mm) was pethidine 4 mg/kg via intramuscular injection. Area under the curve (AUC) for VAS for pain and VAS for wound tenderness for each cat were calculated. AUC for wound tenderness was significantly greater for group F (P = 0.007). There was no significant difference for AUC for pain between the groups. In conclusion, wounds after flank ovariohysterectomy are significantly more tender than after midline ovariohysterectomy in the cat. This indicates that interactive methods, including wound palpation, must be used to assess postoperative pain and the findings should be appropriately weighted in the overall assessment.
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PMID:Assessment of the influence of surgical technique on postoperative pain and wound tenderness in cats following ovariohysterectomy. 1621 62

Thirty-five dogs were included in a randomised, double-blind, positive controlled, multi-centre trial to assess the efficacy of an orally-administered glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate (Glu/CS) combination for the treatment of confirmed osteoarthritis of hips or elbows. Carprofen was used as a positive control. Dogs were re-examined on days 14, 42 and 70 after initiation of treatment. Medication was then withdrawn and dogs were re-assessed on day 98. Response to treatment was based on subjective evaluation by participating veterinarians who recorded their findings at each visit. Dogs treated with Glu/CS showed statistically significant improvements in scores for pain, weight-bearing and severity of the condition by day 70 (P<0.001). Onset of significant response was slower for Glu/CS than for carprofen-treated dogs. The results show that Glu/CS has a positive clinical effect in dogs with osteoarthritis.
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PMID:Randomised double-blind, positive-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. 1664 70

In this study the analgesic efficacy of the pure agonistic opioid morphine and the cyclo-oxygenase type-2-selective carprofen were compared since there is no previous specific comparative study for these two common analgesics. Forty-five bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups; receiving morphine 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight pre-operatively and 0.2 mg/kg every 4-6 hours thereafter (Morphine group), receiving a once-off carprofen 4 mg/kg injection (Carprofen group) or receiving both morphine and carprofen (MorphCarp group). The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine 0.01 mg/kg and induced with either thiopentone 5-10 mg/kg or propofol 4-6 mg/kg. General anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. The degree of pain was assessed over a 24-hour period under blinded conditions using a pain scale modified from the University of Melbourne pain scale and the Glasgow composite pain tool. Physiological parameters such as respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature were also assessed over the same time period. There was no significant difference in pain-scores and thus analgesia offered by the three analgesia protocols at any assessment point across the three groups, but there were differences within groups across time points. Baseline total pain-scores were lower than scores at all post-operative points within all three groups. Both morphine and carprofen provided good analgesia without any obvious adverse effects. This study indicates that at the dosages indicated above, carprofen administered on its own produces analgesia equal to that produced by morphine and that the two drugs administered together do not produce better analgesia than either drug administered on its own.
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PMID:Comparison of morphine and carprofen administered alone or in combination for analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. 1713 51


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