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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adrenal chromaffin cells contain and release several neuroactive substances which induce analgesia when injected directly into the spinal cord (e.g. opioid peptides and catecholamines). Furthermore, the release of these substances can be induced by nicotine. In order to determine whether adrenal medullary tissue transplanted to the spinal cord can produce alterations in pain sensitivity, pieces of dissected rat adrenal medulla were placed in the subarachnoid space of rat spinal cords. Stimulation by a low dose of nicotine induced potent analgesia in animals with adrenal medullary transplants, but not in animals with control transplants. Furthermore, this analgesia was reversed to pre-nicotine levels by the opiate antagonist naloxone. Thus adrenal medullary transplants in the spinal cord may provide a permanent and locally available source of opioid peptides for the relief of intractable pain.
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PMID:Adrenal medullary tissue transplants in the rat spinal cord reduce pain sensitivity. 379 Sep 94

The duration of labor in multigravid subjects in phase 1 labor at term (from 3 to 6 cm of cervical dilatation; mean duration = 2.7 hours) was significantly related to measures of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine obtained at the onset of the phase (n = 50). Epinephrine was significantly related to observer ratings of subject stress and the scores from the three dimensions of our self-report Labor Anxiety Inventory. The fetal heart rate pattern in phase 2 labor (7 to 10 cm of cervical dilatation; mean duration = 1.2 hours) was significantly related to phase 1 measures of epinephrine, observed stress, and two of the anxiety dimensions (n = 44 to 47). The results provide support for the hypotheses that, under normal clinical conditions, several types of patient anxiety are related to catecholamine levels and that anxiety and epinephrine are related to duration of labor and fetal well-being. The results suggest that medical/nursing evaluation and management of patient anxiety should include a self-report measure of three dimensions of anxiety (coping, safety, and pain), which are relatively independent of observed physical stress and which may relate to maternal labor progress as well as fetal heart rate pattern.
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PMID:Anxiety and epinephrine in multiparous women in labor: relationship to duration of labor and fetal heart rate pattern. 407 58

Clinical characteristics of cerebral infarctions occurring in 15 women (aged 22-51) who had taken oral contraceptives for an average of 24.8 months are described. Aside from 5 atypical cases, the 10 remaining women suffered marked increases in headache pain for only 3 months before their strokes. The subjective severity increased progressively, and in at least 6, the duration of each headache increased. Frequency of headaches in 9 women increased noticeably during the prodrome, and in some was almost constant for a week before the infarct. However only 5 patients had or had just had headaches at the exact time of the stroke. The spatial aspects of headache locations imply etiological relationship to the infarct which follows. Upon recognition of the clinical characteristics of such headache in women taking oral contraceptives, the medication should be stopped immediately. Absolute withdrawal should be recommended for patients with increasing vascular headache and headache associated with focal neurological symptoms. Hypertension in patients with the slightest sign of increasing headache should be cause for discontinuation of the pill. Following withdrawal of the oral contraceptive, synthetic narcotics are the only therapy advised. Vasoconstrictor drugs may aggravate the vasoconstrictor phase leading to infarction.
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PMID:The clinical characteristics of headache during impending cerebral infarction in women taking oral contraceptives. 573 Jan 19

We herein report a case of pedunculated hepatoma which was preoperatively diagnosed as nonfunctioning adrenal tumor. A 51-year-old man was admitted for further examination of right hypochondrial pain. CT scan showed a right suprarenal mass. Tumor vessels were visualized on selective right renal arteriography and right inferior phrenic arteriography. Adrenal function was normal. Preoperative diagnosis was nonfunctioning right adrenal tumor. On operation, we found a right suprarenal tumor which was in continuity with the inferior part of the liver. Pathological diagnosis of the biopsy specimen was hepatocellular carcinoma (Edmondson's grade 3). Difficulty of preoperative diagnosis of pedunculated hepatoma is discussed.
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PMID:[A case of pedunculated hepatoma suspected of adrenal tumor]. 633 Nov 39

In a randomized double-blind study etidocaine 1.5% without a vasoconstrictor (n = 10), with adrenaline 1:200,000 (n = 10) and with ornipressine 1 IU/10 ml (n = 10) were administered epidurally to 30 orthopaedic patients. Sensory blockade was tested with electric pain stimuli; motor blockade was assessed with dynamometry during isometric plantar flexion of the foot and with the Bromage score; the intraoperative analgesia was determined as well. The development of sensory and motor blockade became faster and more intensive by addition of the two vasoconstrictors. The intraoperative analgesia, insufficient without vasoconstrictors, however, not to full satisfaction. Adrenaline improved the effects of etidocaine more than did ornipressine . The sole use of etidocaine without and with vasoconstrictors is not recommended for epidural anaesthesia for surgery of the lower extremities. It is the local anaesthetic of choice for intensifying motor blockade during already achieved analgesia.
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PMID:[Peridural anesthesia with etidocaine. Clinical studies on the effect of vasoconstrictors on sensory and motor blockade]. 637 74

Eight patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma treated regularly with different drugs (mainly timolol) and having a mean IOP of 20,4+/-1,2 mm Hg were subsequently treated for 9 months with Suprexon eye drops (guanethidine 1% + epinephrine 0,2%). At the end of the study the mean IOP was 17,6+/-1,3 mm Hg. Suprexon eye drops were found to have a long-lasting hypotensive effect. The straight-line regression test utilizing all the IOP measurements - 7 within the 9 months of the trial - showed no statistically significant tachyphylaxis (p less than 0.03). As a consequence no other drugs had to be added to control the IOP. Moreover, this treatment proved to be significantly more potent than timolol (p less than 0.05). While under treatment the patients suffered from conjunctival hyperemia and ocular pain, but these diminished in the course of time. No systemic side effects were observed.
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PMID:[Behavior of intraocular pressure during long-term treatment with a guanethidine-adrenaline combination]. 641 61

Sufficient placental blood flow is mandatory for the well-being of the fetus. The delicate balance between uterine perfusion pressure and uterine vascular resistance can be critically disturbed during epidural anaesthesia. Maternal hypotension is common when extensive block for Caesarean Section is used. If hypotension as well as aortocaval compression is avoided and sufficient preload (Ringer's lactate) is used intervillous blood flow (IBF) will not significantly change. Ephedrine given to prevent or treat maternal hypotension will not adversely effect IBF. Lumbar epidural analgesia used for pain relief during labor (10 ml dose of local anaesthetic (1.a.] will significantly (p less than 0.05) improve IBF in healthy parturients. Epinephrine (less than or equal to 50 micrograms), added to the local anaesthetic, will not decrease IBF. IBF can be severely reduced in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) since the fetus is chronically asphyxiated it is crucial to avoid any further decrease in IBF. Extensive sympathetic blockade (T8) using epidural analgesia (10 ml dose of 1.a.) has been shown to significantly (p less than 0.01) improve IBF in parturients with PIH by decreasing uteroplacental vascular resistance.
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PMID:Regional anaesthesia and uterine blood flow. 649 7

The investigation of catecholamine (CA) metabolism in animals subjected to various types of stress (different pain syndromes; cranial trauma; immobilization; cooling) and physical exercise shows considerable similarity among species in the sequence of changes, leading from the activation to the depletion of the sympathoadrenal system. The changes caused by physical exercise tend to be more pronounced in individuals with a genetic predisposition to greater stress responses. Stress adaption, induced by special training or by long-duration exposure to hypoxia, can substantially prevent the changes caused by physical exercise. Trained rats at rest show accelerated CA turnover, and after exercise, adaptive hypometabolic changes. Physical exercise causes both unspecific changes in CA metabolism, similar to those seen after other types of stress, and more specific ones, i.e., suppression of tissue CA synthesis and nonresponsiveness to exogenous L-tyrosine or L-DOPA. Adrenal CA synthesis could be restored in such animals by treatment with glucocorticoids and cyclic-AMP (c-AMP). The depression of CA synthesis after hard physical activity may be a mechanism for protecting the body from the injurious effect of the excessive CA release that would occur under stress.
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PMID:Effects of physical activity and other types of stress on catecholamine metabolism in various animal species. 654 Dec 42

A variety of environmental stimuli have been demonstrated to produce behavioral analgesia. Of these, footshock has been shown to be capable of differentially eliciting opiate or non-opiate analgesia dependent upon the body region shocked; front paw and hind paw shock produce opiate and non-opiate analgesia, respectively. In addition, footshock can be used as a conditioned stimulus to elicit classically conditioned opiate analgesia. A question which arises is whether such plain inhibition is mediated by neural or hormonal pathways. Evidence exists which suggests that endogenous opioids in the pituitary and adrenal medulla may be involved in the production of environmentally induced analgesia. Furthermore, epinephrine administration has previously been shown to produce pronounced pain inhibition. However, the present series of experiments demonstrate that the pituitary-adrenal cortical and sympathetic-adrenal medullary axes are neither necessary nor sufficient for the production of footshock induced analgesia (FSIA). Hypophysectomy failed to attenuate front paw FSIA, hind paw FSIA or classically conditioned analgesia indicating that pituitary beta-endorphin or other pituitary factors are not necessary for the production of analgesia. Adrenal opioids and peripheral catecholamines are also not critical since front paw FSIA was potentiated by adrenalectomy or total sympathetic blockade. Furthermore, pituitary and sympathetic activation are not sufficient for the production of analgesia since low thoracic spinalization allows normal hormonal response to front paw shock yet abolishes shock-induced inhibition of the spinally mediated tail flick reflex. These results provide strong evidence that front paw FSIA, hind paw FSIA and classically conditioned analgesia are mediated by neural, rather than hormonal pathways and provide further parallels between these forms of environmental analgesia, morphine analgesia and brain stimulation produced analgesia.
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PMID:Footshock induced analgesia is dependent neither on pituitary nor sympathetic activation. 711 94

The authors report on the results of cyclocryotherapy of the ciliary body applied in 79 eyes with secondary glaucoma of various etiology. In 40% of the cases regulation of intraocular pressure and freedom from pain were achieved during an eleven-month follow-up. The results were remarkably favorable in cases of neovascular glaucoma (regulation of IOP in 50%) and secondary glaucoma following iridocyclitis and intraocular hemorrhages, which usually have a very poor prognosis.
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PMID:[Cryotherapy of the ciliary body in cases of secondary glaucoma with poor prognosis (author's transl)]. 720 Oct 42


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