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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Arterial plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations before, during and after an attack of pain, induced first by constant supine exercise and then by multistep atrial pacing, were determined in four patients with coronary occlusion disease and stable angina pectoris. An identical protocol was applied to a patient with atypical precordial pain (anxiety state) and normal coronary arteriograms. When compared, the results led to the following conclusions: 1) during supine exercise arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations, particularly noradrenaline, progressively increase, reaching highest values in temporal coincidence with the onset or the peak of pain, 2) during multistep atrial pacing-induced angina no significant changes of arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations are seen. These data, obtained from the same patients, further emphasize that the application of atrial pacing to the study of pathophysiology of angina pectoris and for evaluating antianginal drugs, especially if interfering with adrenosympathetic system activity, must be considered with caution.
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PMID:[Exercise test and atrial pacing in angina pectoris: behaviour of adrenosympathetic system (author's transl)]. 118 66

On 10 patients who had to undergo a ca. 4 hour operation of the lower abdominal region, the pattern of catecholamine excretion before, during and after operation was traced. 1. A decrease of systolic blood pressure on average of 80 mm Hg, in correlation to the concentration of Halothane and Thalamonal, was recorded. 2. The excretion of adrenaline and noradrenalin was significantly lower during anaesthesia as compared with the initial value, suggesting a depression of sympathoadrenal system. 3. The postoperative amount of adrenaline and especially noradrenaline increased markedly, when anaesthesia worn off, postoperative shivering started, and surgical wounds caused pain. 4. The excretion of urine during operation was slightly reduced, the renal output showed normal amounts, when calculated up to 24 hours. The results show, that the combined use of halothane an thalamonal because of its depressant effects on the sympathoadrenal system is capable of reducing the liberation of catecholamines during anaesthesia.
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PMID:[The course of the catecholamine excretion during combination anaesthesia with halothane and thalamonal (author's transl)]. 121 2

Typological peculiarities of the behaviour of adult white male rats were determined using the "emotional resonance" test, i. e. reaction of avoidance of the signals of the defensive state of the other animal of the same species (vocalization, release of pheromones, motor excitation). The rats developed a conditional motor food reflex, and then they were subject to a stress of inescapable pain reaction. Judging by the preserved conditional food reflexes, the rats which avoided the partner's pain screams proved to be the most stable. The rats unable to determine the dominating motivation and incessantly running from one section of the chamber to the other are the least stable. The highest level of catecholamines was found in the blood of the latter group. The sensitivity to the partner's signals of defensive excitation correlates with the degree of such shifts, occurring under the stress influence as the content of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-oxyndolacetic acid in the tissues of the brain, the state of the lipid component of the cerebral membranes. According to the obtained results the stress reveals the individual peculiarities of the physiological functions which are not obvious without the stress influences. The animals, highly sensitive to the signals of the partner's emotional state, possess high resistance to the action of the most various stresses. It can be assumed that thanks to such stability natural selection preserved the capacity for zoosocial "empathy"--phylogenetic predecessor of human altruism.
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PMID:[Stress as an indicator of individual-typologic differences]. 130 9

Effects of dorsal root entry zone lesions (DREZLs) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of neuropeptides, catecholamines, and cyclic nucleotides were studied in 9 patients with intractable chronic pain. Contents of beta-endorphin-like-material in CSF decreased in all patients 12-17 days following DREZLs during which complete to good pain relief was achieved. Contents of beta-endorphin-like-material in CSF increased again about one month after DREZLs in two and remained unchanged in one of three patients tested, who complained of partial reappearance of pain. Contents of beta-endorphin-like-materials in plasma showed no significant changes after DREZLs. Substance P, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and cyclic nucleotide levels in both CSF and plasma were variable among the subjects and did not change significantly following the operations. Thus, the results suggest that production of beta-endorphin-like-material in the central nervous system is decreased by DREZL, though the increase in its turn-over might not be neglected. The mechanisms of the decrease in contents of beta-endorphin-like-material in CSF after DREZLs were discussed in terms of our current knowledge of pain and pain inhibitory systems.
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PMID:Effects of dorsal root entry zone lesions on CSF and plasma neuropeptides and catecholamines. 138 Nov 37

The effects of vasoconstrictor-containing local anesthetics on the carotid and cerebral circulation were investigated using an ultrasonic quantitative blood flow measurement system. Nineteen healthy adult volunteers were divided into two groups according to age. The local anesthetics used were 2% lidocaine containing 1:80,000 epinephrine and 2% lidocaine containing 1:25,000 norepinephrine. One (1.8 mL) or two (3.6 mL) cartridges of each anesthetic were injected into unilateral or bilateral maxillary gingivae. Epinephrine-containing lidocaine had little effect on carotid and cerebral hemodynamics. Norepinephrine-containing lidocaine increased arterial blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and decreased carotid arterial blood flow and velocity, which caused increased cerebrovascular resistance and decreased cerebrovascular capacitance. The results suggest that norepinephrine may induce vasoconstriction of the cerebral blood vessels in both young and old adults in a dose-dependent manner. These changes appear to be greater in older people.
Anesth Pain Control Dent 1992
PMID:Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine contained in 2% lidocaine on hemodynamics of the carotid and cerebral circulation in older and younger adults. 142 88

The descending pain inhibitory system (DPIS) associated with acupuncture analgesia (AA), caused by low frequency stimulation of an acupuncture point, was identified by the results of lesion and stimulation procedures previously determined to differentiate the afferent and efferent paths in rats. The DPIS starts in the posterior arcuate nucleus and descends to the hypothalamic ventromedian nucleus (HVM) from whence it divides into two pathways: one path, the serotonin mediated path, descends through the ventral periaqueductal central gray (V-PAG) and then to the raphe magnus (RM). The other, the noradrenaline mediated path, descends through the reticuloparagigantocellular nucleus (NRPG) and part of the reticulogigantocellular nucleus (NRGC). The afferent and efferent paths are both present in the RM and NRGC, and were separately identified by means of the analgesia (SPA) produced by stimulation of the separate regions in AA responders and nonresponders, because SPA of these regions in nonresponders produced only efferent pathway mediated analgesia.
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PMID:Descending pain inhibitory system involved in acupuncture analgesia. 142 59

Painful stimuli have been shown to inhibit gastric motility in animal experiments and delay gastric emptying in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate in detail mechanisms involved in pain-induced gastric inhibition. Pain stimulation by exerting pressure on a testicle induced a prompt gastric relaxation which lasted throughout the period of stimulation. Pain-induced gastric relaxation was significantly reduced by the selective alpha-1 blocker, prazosin, and by the non-selective beta-blocker, propranolol. Similarly pain-induced inhibition of gastric tone was significantly reduced by bilateral cervical vagotomy. In contrast, gastric relaxation following pain stimulation was significantly potentiated by the selective adrenergic alpha-2 blocker, yohimbine. Combined administration of prazosin and propranolol followed by bilateral cervical vagotomy abolished gastric relaxation in response to pain stimulation. In conclusion, gastric relaxation in response to painful stimulation was found to be reflex-mediated via sympathetic neurons acting on alpha-1 and beta receptors and possibly also via vagal non-adrenergic fibres. Pain-induced inhibition of gastric tone was significantly increased by yohimbine. It is suggested that yohimbine by blocking presynaptic inhibitory receptors on adrenergic neurons facilitates the release of noradrenaline in response to pain stimulation.
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PMID:Pain-induced inhibition of gastric motility is mediated by adrenergic and vagal non-adrenergic reflexes in the rat. 148 92

After rats received electroacupuncture (EA), leucine-enkephalin (LEK) content in striatum and dopamine (DA) concentration in both brain stem and diencephalon markedly increased, and noradrenaline (NA) level in telencephalon definitely decreased with an obvious elevation of pain threshold. However, a previous intraperitoneal injection of atropine, a blocker of muscarinic receptor, not only partially blocked the analgesic effect of EA, but also changed the effects of EA on LEK, NA and DA contents of the brain. The results indicate that cholinergic system plays an important role in electroacupuncture analgesia (EAA), which may be fulfilled partially through the central LEK and catecholamine (CA) systems.
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PMID:Effects of atropine on the changes of pain threshold and contents of leucine-enkephalin and catecholamines of the brain in rats induced by EA. 149 39

The effects of pretreatment with desipramine, a selective noradrenaline (NA) uptake blocker, on spinal antinociception by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), morphine and an adenosine analog (NECA) in the rat hot-plate test were examined to determine if endogenous NA is involved in the spinal action of these agents. Desipramine, 25 mg/kg, had no significant intrinsic effect in the hot-plate test but potentiated spinal antinociception by NA and 5-HT. Potentiation was more prominent at higher doses of NA and 5-HT. Desipramine also enhanced the action of morphine and NECA, but, in these instances, the greatest enhancement occurred at lower doses. These results, in conjunction with others, suggest that 5-HT releases NA from the spinal cord while morphine and NECA interact synergistically with endogenously released NA.
Pain 1992 Jul
PMID:Desipramine potentiates spinal antinociception by 5-hydroxytryptamine, morphine and adenosine. 151

This study investigated antinociceptive effects of intrathecal morphine combined with intrathecal clonidine, noradrenaline, carbachol or midazolam in rats. Each animal received intrathecally, on 3 separate occasions (i) 2 micrograms morphine (M), (ii) a dose (D) of one of the non-opioid drugs, and (iii) a combination, 1/2(M+D), consisting of 1 microgram morphine plus half the dose of the non-opioid drug. Antinociceptive effects were assessed by the hot-plate and tail-flick tests over the duration of drug action. All non-opioid drugs studied led to dose-related antinociceptive effects when given alone. Addition of morphine caused a left shift in the dose-response curves of all the non-opioid drugs, indicating at least some degree of additive effects. Effects were considered supra-additive when the effect of the combination, 1/2(M+D), was significantly greater than both the effect of 2 micrograms morphine and the dose of non-opioid. Evidence of supra-additive antinociceptive effects was obtained only with the clonidine-morphine combination.
Pain 1992 Apr
PMID:Antinociceptive and motor effects of intrathecal morphine combined with intrathecal clonidine, noradrenaline, carbachol or midazolam in rats. 159 76


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