Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The existence of a relationship between inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and analgesic or anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in the case of the non-narcotic analgesics glafenine, floctafenine and clometacine, in comparison to indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. These compounds inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid in a guinea-pig lung homogenate as strongly as indomethacin. On its biosynthesis in rat epididymal tissue stimulated by noradrenaline, glafenine equals indomethacin inhibitory potency, whereas floctafenine and clometacine are less active. Acetylsalicylic acid is the least active in both preparations. In vivo, prostaglandin biosynthesis induced in rat peritoneal fluid by injection of acetic acid is inhibited by the 5 drugs, ranked as follows: floctafenine greater than indomethacin greater than glafenine greater than clometacine greater than acetylsalicylic acid. The pharmacological profile of glafenine, floctafenine and clometacine is characterized by a relatively strong effect on acetic acid writhing and a relatively weak effect on carrageenin oedema, U.V. erythema and adjuvant arthritis. The inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis seems better correlated with their analgesic activity than with their anti-inflammatory effects. The results show that prostaglandins could play an important role in the genesis of tissulary pain in animals.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by non-narcotic analgesic drugs. 1 49

Parametric tests for bioassay data are commonly applied to scores of pain intensity and relief for the assessment of potency ratios of analgesic drugs. It has been demonstrated, however, that scores derived from semiquantitative scales often deviate from normal distribution. In addition, when scores decrease as a consequence of analgesic treatment, the variances may be nonhomogenous. Both parametric and nonparametric procedures have been employed in this study for the evaluation of results of a double-blind multicenter trial of the analgesic effect of indoprofen and ASA (both drugs at three dose levels) and placebo in episiotomy pain. There was a good agreement between potency ratios obtained with the two assays. Peak PID appeared a less efficient means of estimating potency ratio than other measurements such as SPID and TOTPAR. The nonparametric test for quantitative bioassay appears to be a valid statistical procedure for evaluating results of clinical trials, and it does not imply any assumptions as to the type of distribution of the data.
 ...
PMID:Application of nonparametric procedure for bioassay data to the evaluation of analgesics in man. 32 87

A study was made of a number of factors that might be responsible for the unreliable results obtained in experimentally induced pain in man. In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study on 32 healthy, male volunteers, the ischaemic pain test [14] and several psychological tests were performed. The influence of the following factors on the pain test results were examined: (a) ingestion of single, oral doses of 1000 mg aspirin (ASA) and placebo, (b) practice effect, (c) initial pain sensitivity, (d) anxiety, coping behaviour, attitude to the experiment and personality factors. The analgesic activity of ASA could not be demonstrated. An interaction between primary pain sensitivity and the sequence of drug administration was found. Furthermore, anxiety had a marked influence on the test results. Using experimental pain models reliable results are not to be expected as anxiety fluctuates intra- and interindividually in an unpredictable and uncontrollable manner.
Pain 1978 Feb
PMID:The influence of anxiety and pain sensitivity on experimental pain in man. 34 98

40 women with regular menstrual cycles and who had experienced dysmenorrhea requiring analgesic use for pain relief for at least 1 year and for each of 3 preceding cycles were evaluated. The protocol featured a double blind crossover study of 2 medications and a placebo, each taken during 1 of 3 successive menstrual cycles in random sequence. The medications used were ibuprofen (200 mg), aspirin (325 mg), and placebo made to appear grossly identical to the other medications. The intended dosage was 2 tablets every 4 hours as necessary for relief of menstrual pain. A propoxyphene preparation was allowed for those receiving little or no relief of severe pain. A patient report card was used to document the severity of pain, the quantity of medication taken, and the relief of pain. At the termination of the 3 month study period, the patients were asked to rank the preparations in order of effectiveness. 7 women dropped out of the study, leaving 33 patients for evaluation. For 7 patients, the report forms showed that during at least 1 cycle 1 rather than 2 tablets were taken on 1 or more occasions. The data were analyzed with and without these 7 patients, and in only 1 area, i.e., "ability to pursue normal daily functions," was a significant difference noted. The data presented reflect the results from 33 patients unless otherwise indicated. The patients' mean age was 24.7 years. 23 patients were nulligravidas and 24 were nulliparas. The prestudy menstrual intervals averaged 29.8 days (23-33) and remained regular during the study period in 31 of 33 patients. The menstrual flow averaged 5.3 days (1-9), with most patients reporting a "moderate" among (24), l "light," and 8 "heavy." 14 of the patients used no contraceptive technique or were not sexually active; 5 used oral contraceptives (OCs) and continued doing so throughout the study; 4 were IUD wearers; 4 used a diaphragm; 3 had condom protected coitus; and 3 had had prior laparoscopic sterilization. With the exception of IUD wearers, no pathology or medical reason accounting for dysmenorrhea was obvious, and no patient had physical findings suggestive of endometriosis. Most (18) symptoms started on day 0, but 13 patients suffered symptoms prior to the onset of menstrual bleeding. The symptoms lasted an average of 2.6 days but as long as 7 days. The usual severity of dysmenorrhea was reported as mild in 4, moderate in 18, and severe in 11. When paired comparisons were made of each of the 3 drug pairs, ibuprofen was significantly more effective than either aspirin or the placebo. Aspirin was not significantly superior to the placebo. Data evaluated according to patient drug preference showed similar results.
 ...
PMID:Ibuprofen therapy for dysmenorrhea. 35 74

Two hundred male and female patients underwent a variety of oral surgical procedures and were treated afterwards in four test groups. They took a combination of orphenadrine (25 mg) and acetaminophen (325 mg), either drug alone, or placebo. A double-blind study design was used. All patients had moderately severe baseline pain intensity; post-treatment pain relief was recorded at 30 minutes, one, two, four and six hours. A back-up analgesic (codeine-ASA) was made available if needed. Pain intensity difference (PID) and sums of pain intensity difference (SPID) were calculated using established analgesic study techniques. Statistical analyses indicated better analgesic efficacy in both PID and SPID scores for the orphenadrine-acetaminophen combination over the three other treatments. This was evident at 30 minutes and continued through the sixth hour. Each active drug, in turn, was also significantly better throughout than placebo for pain relief. Sub-groups in each treatment regimen required additional pain relief prior to six hours, with significantly more placebo than orphenadrine-acetaminophen patients needing remedication. Side-effect incidence was very low and randomly distributed among the four groups.
 ...
PMID:Analgesic combinations with orphenadrine in oral post-surgical pain. 37 34

The characteristics of bone pain in metastatic cancer of the prostate were studied in 23 patients. The pain may be continuous or intermittent, show diurnal variations, and be migratory. The effects of activity, rest, and alcohol vary in different individuals. Relief of bone pain by analgesic medications is unsatisfactory. Aspirin-containing compounds are often more effective than narcotics for pain relief. The effects of external beam irradiation for palliation of pain are unpredictable.
 ...
PMID:Bone pain in metastatic cancer of prostate. 43 19

The effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of bradykinin-like substance into the substaneous perfusate following various noxious stimuli were investigated in rat paw preparation. Subcutaneous perfusion was performed with saline or with saline containing o-phenanthroline or soy bean trypsin inhibitor at a rate of 3--4 drops/min. Ten drops per fraction were assayed for bradykinin activity. Pressure on the instep, application of heat to the foot and stimulation of the sciatic nerve were employed as noxious stimuli. Aspirin (200 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the release of bradykinin due to heat, pressure and sciatic nerve stimulation, while morphine (5 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited only the release of bradykinin due to sciatic nerve stimulation. Results suggest that analgesics, such as aspirin and morphine, have a depressant action on pain by inhibiting the release of bradykinin locally. They also suggest that aspirin inhibits the release of bradykinin regardless of the type of noxious stimuli, while morphine inhibits the release of bradykinin which is mediated by neural mechanisms.
Pain 1978 Jun
PMID:Effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of a bradykinin-like substance into the subcutaneous perfusate of the rat paw. 67 41

Aspirin and codeine, standard reference analgesics, are frequently used as positive controls in clinical trials of new oral analgesics. In randomized parallel double-blind studies, single doses of aspirin and codeine were compared with placebo in episiotomy pain (99 patients) and in postpartum uterine pain (130 patients), common models in analgesic trials. With aspirin, 600 and 1,200 mg, in episiotomy pain, analgesia as measured by pain intensity difference (PID) scores began within 1 hr, peaked at the second hour (p less than 0.01), and continued to the fifth hour (p less than 0.01). In uterine pain, responses with aspirin, 650 mg, were observed to be equally good. With codeine, 60 mg, in episiotomy pain measurable analgesia was present by the second hour and was significant at the fourth hour (p less than 0.05); in uterine pain, responses were indistinguishable from placebo throughout an 8-hr time-course. Codeine seemed ineffective and therefore umacceptable as a positive control in uterine pain. These data imply that the two postpartum pain models are qualitatively different: episiotomy pain seems sensitive to both aspirin and codeine, while uterine pain appears sensitive to aspirin but not to codeine.
 ...
PMID:Asprin and codeine in two postpartum pain models. 78 93

ASA is a safe drug to relieve pain, lessen fever, diminish the inflammatory reaction and treat arthritis. This drug can be given to people in a very safe soluble and buffered form which minimizes its major potential side effect: G.I. bleeding. The G.I. bleeding seen with ASA is due to its local effect on the gastric mucosa. The evidence that exists shows that ASA's effect upon the platelet does not contribute to the gastric bleeding. It is unclear to what extent those diseases mediated by thrombosis can be prevented by ASA and other platelet-suppressive drugs. Thrombosis is not equivalent to hemostasis, but is a distortion of the hemostatic process. Clinical trials are now underway but they will probably be inconclusive. Presently, the literature is contradictory and, therefore, the decision to use ASA as an anti-thrombotic durg remains with the individual physician.
 ...
PMID:Aspirin revisited. 79 May 85

Two dose-levels of nefopam hydrochloride (i.e. 30 mg and 60 mg) were compared with two dose-levels of aspirin (i.e. 300 mg and 600 mg) and placebo in 125 male patients having pain associated with muscle disorders. Drugs were given as a single dose and pain intensity and side-effects monitored at thirty minutes and then hourly for four hours. Time-course action of the drugs revealed that aspirin 300 mg failed to achieve statistically significant analgesia at any post-treatment observation, whereas nefopam 60 mg was significantly better than placebo (p less than 0-05) at one and three hours in terms of pain intensity and at one hour in terms of pain intensity difference scores. Aspirin 600 mg was significantly different from placebo (p less than 0-05) at all hourly observations for both efficacy parameters, as was nefopam 30 mg (p less than 0-01). Summation of pain intensity difference scores showed aspirin 600 mg and nefopam 30 mg to be significantly different from placebo at the 0.025 and 0.005 levels respectively.
 ...
PMID:Nefopam hydrochloride: new analgesic agent. 79 84


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>