Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The headache phase of migraine may develop as the result of an abnormal interaction (and perhaps an abnormal release) of vasoactive neurotransmitters from terminals of the trigeminal nerve with large intracranial and extracranial blood-vessels. These blood-vessels, which dilate during the headache phase of migraine, are thought to receive axonal projections from all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Substance P, a potent vasodilating peptide, seems to be released from trigeminal nerve endings in response to nervous stimulation and is involved in the transmission of painful stimuli within the periphery. The vasoactive molecule serotonin, implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine, coexists with substance P in some terminals of the central nervous system and is present within the trigeminal ganglia. Within this nerve serotonin may modulate the function of primary sensory neurons. The abnormal release of substance P or as yet unidentified peptides or other transmitters from the fifth cranial nerve may explain both the hemicranial pain and the vasodilation which are characteristic of the headache of migraine.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? 9 Sep 71

1. Substance P (synthetic or extracted for intestine or central nervous system) is devoid of an algesic effect on paravascular pain receptors. 2. The algesic effect of a AP-containing acetone HCl-extract from spinal cord is explained by its high content of potassium ions. 3. SP-containing preparations which include an ammonium sulphate precipitation in the extraction procedure are algesic due to content of this salt. 4. SP-containing extract from intestine were found to be contaminated with a bradykinin-like peptide of high algesic potency. 5. These findings are discussed with regard to the restricted value of earlier results about central actions of SP-containing tissue extracts and with regard to the role of SP as a possible neurotransmitter.
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PMID:Lack of algesic effect of substance P on paravascular pain receptors. 56 91

Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRF-NH2), originally isolated from bovine brain, is an FMRF-NH2-like peptide with morphine-modulating activity. Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is highly localized in the dorsal spinal cords where there are also specific NPFF binding sites. Furthermore, there have been studies indicating that NPFF may participate in the regulation of pain threshold in the spinal cord. However, whether NPFF can be released from the spinal cord is not known. The present experiments, using an in vitro superfusion of an isolated whole rat spinal cord, demonstrated that high concentrations of KCl or substance P caused a release of NPFF immunoreactive material (IR) from the spinal cord into the perfusion medium in a calcium-dependent manner. Substance P (1-11) also produced a detectable release of NPFF-IR in vivo although the response was quite variable. The released NPFF-IR was analyzed by an HPLC study and found to consist of NPFF and other minor immunoreactive peptides. Further studies with substance P-related peptides showed that the in vitro release of NPFF-IR could also be induced by substance P (1-7) but not by [pGlu5,Me-Phe8,Sar9]-substance P (5-11) or substance K. These results suggest that the specific substance P receptor (SP-N), which is recognized by both substance P (1-11) and substance P (1-7) rather than the tachykinin receptor, is involved in NPFF secretion from the spinal cord. In view of the role of substance P (1-11) and substance P (1-7) in sensory transmission, the results of this study further support the role of NPFF in the modulation of antinociception in the spinal cord.
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PMID:Release of neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRF-NH2) from rat spinal cord. 128 May 19

Substance P (SP), released from thin afferent terminals, is believed to be a neurotransmitter for pain transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. It has been demonstrated that in addition to analgesia, morphine increases the accumulation of SP possibly due to the inhibition of its release. The present work investigated the level of spinal SP like immunoreactivity (SPLI) following electroacupuncture analgesia in rats using immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Experiment results revealed that formalin injected into the hind paw elicited marked pain response and accumulation of SP in the spinal dorsal horn. Electroacupuncture of Tsu-San-Li could depress the pain response, however increasing further the SP accumulation. It is thus suggested that pain stimulation itself may activate the endogenous opioid mechanism to inhibit SP release and acupuncture is able to enhance the process. This may be one mechanism of acupuncture analgesia.
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PMID:Alterations of spinal dorsal horn substance P following electroacupuncture analgesia--a study of the formalin test with immunohistochemistry and densitometry. 137 50

Intramuscular hemangiomas are idiopathic lesions which are either tumoral or developmental in origin. A close association of abnormal blood vessels with nerve fibers is found and may suggest that nerves have a primary inciting role in the development of these lesions. In the current study, the number of nerve fibers in different zones around the tumors, as well as the type of neuropeptides present in these fibers, was quantitatively assessed by computer-assisted image analysis of immunohistochemical staining of histological slides. The number of nerve fibers as determined by positive staining by anti-protein S-100 antibodies was found to be elevated in the immediate vicinity of the abnormal blood vessels. The density of the nerve fibers rapidly declined with increasing distance from the hemangiomas, reaching normal values at distances of over 2 mm. Furthermore, hemangiomas contain a significantly higher number of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and Met-enkephalin-positive fibers. The most significant rise in number is that of CGRP-positive fibers. This neuropeptide is a known mitogen, which could be responsible for the growth of the hemangiomatous blood vessels. Substance P is a nociceptive neurotransmitter and its presence can explain the pain which often accompanies even tiny intramuscular hemangiomas.
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PMID:Neuropeptidergic innervation of intramuscular hemangiomas. 137 96

Effects of dorsal root entry zone lesions (DREZLs) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of neuropeptides, catecholamines, and cyclic nucleotides were studied in 9 patients with intractable chronic pain. Contents of beta-endorphin-like-material in CSF decreased in all patients 12-17 days following DREZLs during which complete to good pain relief was achieved. Contents of beta-endorphin-like-material in CSF increased again about one month after DREZLs in two and remained unchanged in one of three patients tested, who complained of partial reappearance of pain. Contents of beta-endorphin-like-materials in plasma showed no significant changes after DREZLs. Substance P, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and cyclic nucleotide levels in both CSF and plasma were variable among the subjects and did not change significantly following the operations. Thus, the results suggest that production of beta-endorphin-like-material in the central nervous system is decreased by DREZL, though the increase in its turn-over might not be neglected. The mechanisms of the decrease in contents of beta-endorphin-like-material in CSF after DREZLs were discussed in terms of our current knowledge of pain and pain inhibitory systems.
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PMID:Effects of dorsal root entry zone lesions on CSF and plasma neuropeptides and catecholamines. 138 Nov 37

Substance P, a neuropeptide associated with pain perception, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of chronic pain patients as compared with that of healthy human volunteers. In this study, we have demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive substance P in saliva and further, that both saliva and plasma levels of immunoreactive substance P are lower in patients with chronic low back pain than in healthy human volunteers. To our knowledge, this is the first time that substance P has been identified in human saliva. These findings, together with the noninvasive nature of saliva collection, suggest that substance P in saliva may be useful as an alternative neurochemical correlate of chronic low back pain when collection of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples for substance P analysis is unacceptable or inappropriate.
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PMID:Immunoreactive substance P is decreased in saliva of patients with chronic back pain syndromes. 168 90

Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivities have been evaluated in the saliva of 15 subjects suffering from migraine without aura and 16 control subjects. All three peptides were also measured in the symptomatic/non-symptomatic side saliva sampled from 10 cluster headache sufferers during the cluster period, 5 cluster headache sufferers out of the cluster period, as well as in the right and left side saliva of 18 control subjects. The most interesting result gives a clear difference in common migraine and cluster headache salivary vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity contents. In fact, these are enhanced during cluster headache attack and decreased during migraine attack when compared with the interictal period vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity levels. Another remarkable finding concerns the significant increase of substance P-like immunoreactivity and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity levels, from basal values, in the saliva sampled during both migraine and cluster headache attacks. Control subjects showed a calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and substance P-like immunoreactivity salivary contents significantly higher than migraine sufferers' saliva sampled in basal conditions. Conversely, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities levels in controls were lower than in cluster headache sufferers' saliva obtained during intervals. Finally, during cluster headache attacks the enhancement of substance P-like immunoreactivity and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity salivary contents interest the non-symptomatic side, whereas the symptomatic side salivary substance P-like immunoreactivity and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity contents remain unchanged. These findings do not allow any final conclusion. However, this biochemical evaluation indicates relevant changes of the salivary neuropeptides in diseases, such as migraine and cluster headache, in which pain transmission is surely involved.
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PMID:Sensory neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in human saliva: their pattern in migraine and cluster headache. 169 Jun 1

Substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities (SP-LI and CGRP-LI, respectively) were measured in superfusates of either superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinuses and attached dura mater or dura mater alone of guinea pig. Exposure of cerebral venous sinuses to capsaicin (1 microM) evoked the release of both SP-LI and CGRP-LI, which was no longer observed upon second challenge with the drug. Neuropeptide release was induced by 80 mM K+ either at the first or second administration. Bradykinin (10 microM) increased the outflow of CGRP-LI, but not of SP-LI, from cerebral venous sinuses. In vitro capsaicin pretreatment (10 microM) or incubation with 10 microM indomethacin completely abolished the bradykinin-evoked CGRP-LI release. Capsaicin (1 microM) failed to evoke release from dura mater without major intracranial venous vessels. Sensory neuropeptide released from the cerebral venous sinuses may take part in certain symptoms, such as vasodilatation and inflammation accompanying the pain of the migraine attack. Bradykinin, putatively via prostanoid generation, may participate in this event.
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PMID:Release of sensory neuropeptides from dural venous sinuses of guinea pig. 169 Oct 44

The presence of enkephalin and substance P-positive neurons and fibers were studied by immunohistochemistry (peroxidase-antiperoxidase or avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex methods) in 26 human fetuses ranging from 11 weeks of gestation to 40 weeks of gestation. Enkephalin-positive neurons were localized in the commissural, medial and intermediate subnuclei as early as 11-12 weeks' gestation. Positive enkephalin fibers were localized around 12 weeks' gestation and in many subnuclei, notably the medial, commissural, intermediate, ventrolateral, ventral and dorsolateral subnuclei. Substance P-positive neurons were localized in the commissural and medial subnuclei around gestation age 13 weeks. Positive substance P fibers appeared even earlier, around 11 weeks of gestation in many subnuclei, notably the medial, intermediate, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsolateral subnuclei. Increase in both enkephalin- and substance P-positive fibers was evident in the later stages of development (e.g. around 26 weeks of gestation). The importance of the early appearance of enkephalin and substance P neurons and fibers of the pain pathways in the major subnuclei connecting with the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory functions in the human has to be stressed.
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PMID:Development and localization of enkephalin and substance P in the nucleus of tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata of human fetuses. 169 13


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