Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two ganglionic cell groups, located close together and called the internal carotid ganglion, not described before in man, were demonstrated extradurally on the ventrolateral surface of the human internal carotid artery (ICA), where the greater superficial petrosal nerve is joined by the (greater) deep petrosal nerve to form the vidian nerve. The two ganglionic cell groups have fiber connections to the ICA, and consist of 50-70 cells each. By immunohistochemistry the majority of cells in one of the groups were shown to contain vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) indicating a parasympathetic function, whereas most cells in the other group contained substance P (SP) and possibly calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transmitters in pain fibers. Lateral to the intracavernous segment of ICA 10-150 scattered or aggregated VIP- and ChAT-positive cells were found, with fiber connections to the ophthalmic nerve, the ICA, the abducent nerve and the sphenopalatine ganglion. These cells may represent aberrant parasympathetic (sphenopalatine) ganglia, here referred to as cavernous ganglion. By radioimmunoassay substantial amounts of VIP, SP and CGRP were measured in both the extradural and the intracavernous segment of the ICA. Thus, the intracranial segment of the ICA is most likely innervated by parasympathetic and pain fibers from the internal carotid ganglion, sensory fibers from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion, and parasympathetic fibers from the sphenopalatine and/or cavernous ganglion. Clinical implications for the activation of these nerves to cause pain, dilatation and edema in this segment of the ICA during attacks of cluster headache and painful ophthalmoplegic syndromes are discussed.
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PMID:Anatomical basis for a parasympathetic and sensory innervation of the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery in man. Possible implication for vascular headache. 171 60

Neuropeptides, including substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and somatostatin (SS) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) may play a role in neurogenic inflammation and pain transmission. Adrenal corticosteroids regulate neuropeptide synthesis in some areas of the CNS and may modulate neurogenic inflammation and sensory perception. We have investigated the effects of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg/day) treatment on neuropeptide content of rat cervical DRG using specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays. In control animals, a differential distribution of neuropeptide was found; SP and CGRP content increased from C4 to C7 in contrast to SS content, which decreased from C4 to C7. Ten days following adrenalectomy, the mean SS content of cervical DRG decreased significantly to 79.6 +/- 4.5% of sham-operated controls. In contrast, SP and CGRP content increased significantly 10 days after adrenalectomy to 134.6 +/- 6.9% and 132.0 +/- 11.6% of sham-operated controls, respectively. The effects of adrenalectomy on CGRP and SS were reversed by administration of dexamethasone. These results suggest that glucocorticoids affect the neuropeptide content of DRG in the adult rat.
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PMID:Effect of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone on neuropeptide content of dorsal root ganglia in the rat. 172 40

Trigeminal nerve fibers in the nasal cavity respond to a variety of volatile chemical stimuli. Some of these trigeminal nerve fibers have been suggested to be capsaicin-sensitive and thus belong to a class of pain receptor rather than constituting a separate class of chemoreceptor. Our current results confirm this suggestion. Trigeminal nerve responses to volatile chemical stimuli were eliminated in rats which were injected with capsaicin on the second day of life. Animals whose nerves were unresponsive to chemical stimuli also exhibited a loss of intraepithelial peptide-immunoreactive fibers in their nasal cavities. The results of this study suggest that trigeminal nerve fibers in the nasal cavity which respond to chemical stimuli may be polymodal nociceptors which contain substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or perhaps other neuropeptides.
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PMID:The effects of neonatal capsaicin administration on trigeminal nerve chemoreceptors in the rat nasal cavity. 172 48

Following a traumatic lesion of the brachial plexus, severe pain syndrome in the left shoulder and arm developed in a 42-year-old patient. The pain could not be relieved by multiple therapeutic attempts. Therefore, electrocoagulation of the substantia gelatinosa was performed on the affected side of the evulsed plexus from the dorsal aspect of the cervical spinal cord (Dorsal-Root-Entry-Zone-Lesion, DREZ-operation). After temporary relief, the initial pain syndrome returned. Intravenous salmon-calcitonin infusions administered at our pain clinic led to almost complete remission of pain. Six months later the original symptoms returned and therefore the same infusion scheme was repeated with identical results.
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PMID:[Intravenous application of calcitonin following unsuccessful thermocoagulation of the dorsal root entry zone]. 174 2

Intersternocostoclavicular ossification is a benign arthro-osteitis of the upper anterior chest of unknown cause. Two patients with acute exacerbation of this disorder were successfully treated with intramuscular injections of an eel calcitonin analogue (40 units three times a week). Besides symptomatic relief of local pain and swelling, serial scintigrams showed quantitative improvement in radiophosphonate uptake. The rapid alleviation of pain implies that the hormone has a central analgesic effect, in addition to its direct influence on bone cells and antiinflammatory action. In one patient the disease was associated with palmoplantar pustulosis, which was cured with oral colchicine, whereas the other patient did not have such skin lesions. Despite a hypothetical link between palmoplantar pustulosis and intersternocostoclavicular ossification, colchicine had no beneficial impact on the bone pain. Salmon calcitonin delivered by nasal spray was tried for the second patient but failed, probably because of insufficient drug delivery. The initial favourable results described here warrant future use of calcitonin injection on a larger number of patients with intersternocostoclavicular ossification.
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PMID:Calcitonin treatment for intersternocostoclavicular ossification: clinical experience in two cases. 177 98

Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was employed to elucidate and compare the presence, distribution, and coexistence of various peptides, neuroendocrine markers and enzymes of the catecholamine pathway in nerves supplying lymphoid tissues in a variety of mammalian species. All lymphoid organs and tissues receive innervation by fibers containing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and/or tyrosine hydroxylase, neural markers like protein gene product 9.5, synaptophysin and neurofilament and a varied spectrum of peptides. The prominent peptides were tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine (VIP/PHI). Opioid innervation was variable. Double immunofluorescence revealed coexistence of tachykinins and CGRP and of tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY. A minor proportion of fibers showed coexistence of NPY and tachykinins and of VIP/PHI and tachykinins. The possible importance of the complex peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissues in inflammation, allergy, inflammatory pain and psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network function is discussed. A special immunomodulatory role of the sensory neurons is suggested.
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PMID:Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection. 177 30

This study examined the possible peripheral activity of eel calcitonin in the modulation of the response to noxious pressure on inflamed paws in rats (Randall and Selitto test). The intraplantar injection of eel calcitonin (20-200 ng/rat) but not the subcutaneous administration (200 ng and 2 micrograms/rat, s.c.), was able to significantly inhibit hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenin. The development of oedema on the other hand was not inhibited. The intraplantar administration of eel calcitonin (200 ng/rat) in a non-inflamed paw did not modify paw pressure thresholds. Eel calcitonin (200 ng/rat, intraplantar, i.pl.) was also able to elicit an antinociceptive effect on formalin-induced hyperalgesia, both when the peptide was injected before or after (60 min) formalin. This effect, at difference with morphine (80 micrograms/rat, i.pl.), was not blocked by naloxone (10 micrograms/rat, i.pl.). These results demonstrate the local antinociceptive effect of eel calcitonin in inflammatory pain and might indicate a new way of using calcitonin in the control of pain.
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PMID:Antinociceptive activity of eel calcitonin, injected into the inflamed paw in rats. 178 81

Salmon calcitonin, a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland, lowers serum calcium levels by decreasing bone resorption and renal tubular calcium reabsorption. An analgesic action, possibly mediated via beta-endorphins, is also evident. In the past, parenteral formulations of salmon calcitonin have been used in the management of metabolic bone disorders, but their routine use has been limited by the inconvenience of this route of administration and by poor tolerability. The development of an intranasal preparation of salmon calcitonin will provide a more convenient means of administering the drug. In clinical trials published to date intranasal salmon calcitonin has been effective and well tolerated in small numbers of recently postmenopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis, and in patients with established osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or osteoporosis secondary to corticosteroid usage, multiple myeloma or ovariectomy. For periods of up to 2 years the drug reduces bone resorption and improves bone architecture, relieves pain and increases functional status. Further research is needed to confirm longer term efficacy (in particular, effects on fracture rate), optimal dosage schedules and the role of intermittent and combination treatment regimens.
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PMID:Intranasal salmon calcitonin. A review of its pharmacological properties and potential utility in metabolic bone disorders associated with aging. 179 28

The author describes the excellent effect of two-years therapy of a female patient suffering from multiple myeloma, using the calcitonin preparation Miacalcic Sandoz. During the two and a half year follow up of the patient only a small progression of the bone affection occurred. The patient who on account of pain was treated with opiates was unable to walk unaided, now walks does not take analgesics.
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PMID:[Plasmacytoma and support therapy with calcitonin]. 179 64

Back pain due to vertebral collapse is the main symptom of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The clinical picture in these crush fractures varies, depending on the type and the location of fracture, but in general, a new vertebral crush fracture gives rise to severe pain that immobilizes the patient and necessitates bedrest. In this double-blind controlled clinical trial, 56 patients who had recently (within the last 3 days) suffered an osteoporotic vertebral fracture were hospitalized for a period of 14 days. Salmon calcitonin (100 IU) or placebo injections were given daily. Pain was rated daily on a 10-point scale by the same observers. Blood and urinary parameters were also evaluated. The results showed a significant (P less than 0.001) difference in pain intensity between the calcitonin group and the placebo group. This beneficial effect was generally apparent from the second day of treatment onward, and over the following 2 weeks, the patients were able to sit and stand, and gradually started to walk again. A significant decrease in urinary hydroxyproline and urinary calcium was also noted in the calcitonin group. It is concluded that calcitonin exerts a beneficial effect on back pain following a vertebral crush fracture.
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PMID:Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. 181 59


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