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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been suggested in the lay literature that static stretching and/or warm-up will prevent the occurrence of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of static stretching and/or warm-up on the level of pain associated with DOMS. Sixty-two healthy male and female volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups: (a) subjects who statically stretched the quadriceps muscle group before a step, (b) subjects who only performed a stepping warm-up, (c) subjects who both stretched and performed a stepping warm-up prior to a step test, and (d) subjects who only performed a step test. The step test (Asmussen, 1956) required subjects to do concentric work with their right leg and eccentric work with their left leg to voluntary exhaustion. Subjects rated their muscle soreness on a ratio scale from zero to six at 24-hour intervals for 5 days following the step test. A 4x2x2 ANOVA with repeated measures on legs and Duncan's New Multiple Range post-hoc test found no difference in peak muscle soreness among the groups doing the step test or for gender (p greater than .05). There was the expected significant difference in peak muscle soreness between eccentrically and concentrically worked legs, with the eccentrically worked leg experiencing greater muscle soreness. We concluded that static stretching and/or warm-up does not prevent DOMS resulting from exhaustive exercise.
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PMID:The effects of static stretching and warm-up on prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness. 248 63

After finding the maximum tolerated i.v. bolus dose of adenosine, three fractions of this dose were given randomly to five volunteers in a double-blind manner. Pain, estimated by a 10-graded category-ratio scale, ECG and coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF), measured by thermodilution and intra-arterial blood pressure, were continuously recorded. At the highest tolerated dose (10.3 +/- 2.3 mg), the ECG showed short lasting (less than 5 s) AV-block but no ischaemic signs. Following the maximum dose, pain started 15 +/- 2 s after injection, reached a maximum (median 6 of 10 grades) after 25 +/- 4 s and disappeared after 62 +/- 7 s. Basal CSBF was 84 +/- 14 ml/min-1, and increased to 297 +/- 48 ml/min. The rise in CSBF started 2.4 +/- 0.8 s before pain appeared (P less than 0.05), but reached its peak 18 +/- 2 s after maximum pain (P less than 0.005). Although maximum coronary vasodilation was induced at the lowest dose of adenosine given--1/3 of the maximum dose--chest pain increased in a dose-dependent manner. When AV-block did not occur, diastolic pressure did not change from baseline, while systolic blood pressure increased by 5 +/- 2% (ANOVA, P less than 0.0001) and heart rate increased by 40 +/- 7% (ANOVA, P less than 0.0001). Following AV-block, except for a decrease of short duration in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the responses were similar. In conclusion, the vasodilator adenosine given as an i.v. bolus to human volunteers who were awake increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure with unchanged diastolic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Angina pectoris-like pain provoked by i.v. bolus of adenosine: relationship to coronary sinus blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure in healthy volunteers. 270 66

Previous research has suggested a relationship between migraine pain and oral habits. The present study was designed as a replication of a prior study that found self-reported higher frequencies of certain oral habits in migraine as opposed to tension headache and non-headache groups. Three groups of subjects (common migraine, tension headache and non-headache) were given a single questionnaire in which five oral habits (i.e. teeth clenching, jaw jutting, cupping the chin in the hand, and resting the right and left side of the face on the hand) were rated on a 0 (not at all) to 10 (almost always) scale. Significant main effects were obtained for groups and oral habits in a 3 (groups) X5 (oral habits) ANOVA. Post hoc Tukey tests revealed the common migraine group reported significantly more frequent oral habits than did the tension headache group. The non-headache control group did not differ significantly from either headache group. Discussion focuses on the need for continued research in this area.
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PMID:Oral habits in common between tension headache and non-headache populations. 274 7

In order to determine the effects of attention and distraction on painful and non-painful stimuli, the amplitude changes of 3 components (N150, P200, P300) of the somatosensory event-related potential (SERP) elicited by painful and non-painful electrical stimuli were investigated. Painful and non-painful stimuli were determined using a visual analog scale. SERPs were recorded from 16 healthy volunteers at 5 midline and 4 left and 4 right hemispheric sites. The differences between the amplitudes of attended and ignored stimuli were quantified with a baseline-to-peak measure. ANOVA results revealed no significant attention or stimulus intensity effects for N150 but highly significant differences in P200 and P300 amplitudes between attended and ignored stimuli. In addition, P200 and P300 amplitudes were larger for strong stimuli than for weak stimuli, with no significant differences between non-painful and painful stimuli. These findings are consistent with the existence of a relative, rather than an absolute, relationship between SERP component amplitudes and subjective pain reports. Furthermore, the data give evidence that attentional manipulations represent a powerful method to decrease the perception of pain and that, when used with subjective and behavioral measures, the SERP represents a valuable asset in the multidimensional approach to pain measurement and assessment.
Pain 1989 Sep
PMID:Somatosensory event-related potentials to painful and non-painful stimuli: effects of attention. 281 41

To establish inter-rater and test-retest reliability of use of a pressure algometer, 5 males and 5 females suffering from chronic fibromyalgia ('fibrositis'), and a normal group of 5 males and 5 females, were examined 2 times by each of 2 independent examiners, using 1 kg/sec rate of application, over 10 paired and typical 'tender points,' localized by skin marker. Tenderness thresholds of tender points were coded and analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, for factors sex, normal/fibromyalgia, and side, rater, and time 1/time 2. There was significantly lower tenderness thresholds of tender points in fibromyalgia compared to normal subjects. Generalizability coefficients were calculated and showed high inter-rater (0.85), and test-retest (0.85) reliability. Highly significant differences were found between specific tender points. A further 10 normals and 10 fibromyalgia subjects were then examined for 5 paired tender points and 5 paired non-tender points. A 2-way ANOVA was conducted for summed and averaged scores for all tender and non-tender points, with factors normal/fibromyalgia and tender/non-tender; again, there was a large difference between normal and fibromyalgia subjects, and between tender and non-tender points. The interaction was small but significant, but there was a larger difference between fibromyalgia and normal subjects observed on non-tender points. The low tenderness threshold observed at the tender points of fibromyalgia patients may reflect a more generalized lowering of tenderness thresholds, seen at non-tender points as well.
Pain 1988 Jul
PMID:Tender points in fibromyalgia. 316 24

Haemodynamic changes and side-effects of induction of anaesthesia with etomidate were evaluated in 60 ASA Class I or II patients. The objective was to find an optimal pre-induction dose of fentanyl which eliminated haemodynamic changes and side-effects during induction and intubation without introducing other problems. Patients were randomly assigned to four groups according to the pretreatment dose of fentanyl (Group I = 2 ml normal saline; Group II = 100 micrograms of fentanyl; Group III = 250 micrograms of fentanyl; Group IV = 500 micrograms of fentanyl) administered intravenously five minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with etomidate, 0.3 mg/kg. There was an increasing incidence of apnoea (53, 87, 87 and 100% in Groups I-IV respectively) and a decreasing incidence of myoclonus (60, 33, 13 and 0% in Groups I-IV respectively) and injection pain (53, 13, 7 and 0% in Groups I-IV respectively), P less than 0.002 chi-square test for linear trends, with increasing fentanyl dosage. The incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting were similar in the four groups. There were also significant linear regression relationships (P less than 0.01 ANOVA for linear regression) between increasing doses of fentanyl administered before etomidate and the prevention of increases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate during the induction-intubation sequence. The data demonstrate that increasing pre-induction doses of fentanyl are more effective at minimising side-effects and preventing increases in systolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate but also increase the incidence of apnoea during induction. The results suggest that 500 micrograms of fentanyl is an ideal pretreatment dose in fit patients prior to anaesthetic induction with etomidate.
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PMID:Fentanyl pretreatment modifies anaesthetic induction with etomidate. 339 9

A hand-held pressure algometer with a pressure sensitive strain gauge at the tip was used to measure the pressure-pain threshold (PPT) in the temporal region of healthy volunteers. Various sizes of circular tips and various application rates were tested before selecting an area of 0.5 cm2 and a constant application rate of 0.68 N X sec-1 for future use. A highly significant correlation was found between PPT values obtained from the two sides (of the head) (P less than 0.001) and between PPT values obtained with a 3-week interval (P less than 0.001). In a series of 50 immediate consecutive measurements in the same individual, the mean PPT was 171 kPa (N = 6, 2 S.D. 24%). The mean relative change in PPT after a 3-week interval was 0 +/- 51% (N = 11, 2 S.D.). In the course of 5 repeated determinations at weekly intervals there was a significant increase in PPT (ANOVA, P less than 0.05). Subcutaneous lignocaine significantly elevated PPT compared to placebo. Due to the high inter-individual variation, determinations of PPT for group comparisons should include rather large population samples, whereas in paired studies, the intra-individual variation allows the investigation of much smaller groups (10-20 subjects). It is our experience that the pressure algometer is easy to operate in the hands of a skilled laboratory assistant.
Pain 1986 Jun
PMID:Pressure-pain threshold in human temporal region. Evaluation of a new pressure algometer. 374 89

90 women participated in a 4-month study. During the first 2 periods, they took no pain relievers whatsoever; during their last 2 periods they took 2 X 325 mg aspirin, acetaminophen or an identically packaged placebo every 4 h to total 8 tablets during the first 24 h of their periods beginning with spotting. For statistical analysis, periods 1 and 2 were combined and averaged, then compared with periods 3 and 4 combined and averaged. Total menstrual loss in grams, number of days of flow, and pain of cramps and headaches were analyzed by MANOVA for each of the three treatment groups. An ANOVA for each of these variables as well as for daily menstrual loss for the first 3 menstrual days was also performed. The MANOVA for all variables by the three treatment groups failed to show any significant differences. Similarly, ANOVAs for the individual variables failed to indicate significant differences except for the variable pain of cramps (p = 0.0072). The Duncan's Multiple Range Test for pain of cramps showed that the average pain for the placebo group was higher than for either the aspirin or the acetaminophen group, although the means for these two groups were not significantly different. These results indicate that neither aspirin nor acetaminophen in the doses given alter either total menstrual loss or the pattern of loss during the first 3 menstrual days. However, both preparations were found to be more effective than placebo in reducing pain of cramps.
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PMID:Effect of small doses of aspirin and acetaminophen on total menstrual loss and pain of cramps and headache. 388 98

Verbal psychophysical measurements were performed on 100 subjects, both male and female, aged from 20 to 82 years, to ascertain whether different responses to pain exist between the right and left sides of the body in relation to aging and to different capacities of the cerebral hemispheres to process emotions. A single-phase step current applied to the forearm provided a standard noxious stimulus. Sensory threshold (S), pain threshold (P), and tolerance threshold (T) were measured. The sample set was divided into 2 comparable groups either older or younger than 60 years of age. A common trend was found in both groups: right-side scores were consistently lower than the homologous left-side scores. This difference was significant for all thresholds in elderly subjects but only for the pain threshold in the younger subject group. Two-way ANOVA test of the two group scores did not reveal differences due to sex, but age was an influencing factor for sensory and pain thresholds, higher scores being found in the older subject group. An interpretation of the results embodies hemispheric capacities to process verbal and emotional stimuli.
Pain 1984 May
PMID:Aging and right-left asymmetry in experimental pain measurement. 673 12

Among 238 women who underwent first-trimester abortion and who were randomized to the placebo group in a clinical controlled trial we studied the possible correlation of the variables age, parity, number of previous spontaneous and induced abortions, previous pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), gestational age, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, social status, and the application of an intrauterine device (IUD) at abortion - to the number of days with pain, bleeding, discharge, fever, absence from work, and day of first coitus after abortion. The ANOVA test of Kruskal-Wallis with the limit of significance p less than 0.05 was employed. Women with one or more previous spontaneous abortions had significantly more days with postabortive bleeding (p = 0.010). Women with previous PID and women with dysmenorrhea had significantly more days with pain after abortion (p = 0.011 and p = 0.001). Women at a gestational age of 11-12 weeks had significantly more days with fever (p = 0.009). Women who had an IUD inserted at abortion suffered more days with pain and bleeding (p = 0.038 and p = 0.043). No one group of women carried a risk of several severe complaints after abortion except those with a history of PID.
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PMID:Risk factors in first-trimester abortion. 714 11


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