Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major healthcare burden, with increasing incidence. Pain is the predominant clinical feature, yet therapy is ineffective for many patients. While there are considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying tissue remodelling, there is poor understanding of the link between disease pathology and pain. This is in part owing to the lack of animal models that combine both osteoarthritic tissue remodelling and pain. Here, we provide an analysis of pain related behaviours in two models of OA in the rat: partial medial meniscectomy and iodoacetate injection. Histological studies demonstrated that in both models, progressive osteoarthritic joint pathology developed over the course of the next 28 days. In the ipsilateral hind limb in both models, changes in the percentage bodyweight borne were small, whereas marked mechanical hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia were seen. The responses in the iodoacetate treated animals were generally more robust, and these animals were tested for pharmacological reversal of pain related behaviour. Morphine was able to attenuate hyperalgesia 3, 14 and 28 days after OA induction, and reversed allodynia at days 14 and 28, providing evidence that this behaviour was pain related. Diclofenac and paracetamol were effective 3 days after arthritic induction only, coinciding with a measurable swelling of the knee. Gabapentin varied in its ability to reverse both hyperalgesia and allodynia. The iodoacetate model provides a basis for studies on the mechanisms of pain in OA, and for development of novel therapeutic analgesics.
Pain 2004 Nov
PMID:Pain related behaviour in two models of osteoarthritis in the rat knee. 1549 88

The prohypertensive effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be manifested by the decreased efficiency of antihypertensive therapy. The tactics of their differential use in relation to the its effect on blood pressure (BP) in patients with osteoarthrosis (OA) and arterial hypertension (AH) has not been developed for the most effective and safe therapy. In this connection, it is extremely urgent to study the comparative safety of used NSAIDs as to their prohypertensive effect and to work out the management of patients with AH and OA. Ninety-eight patients with second-third degree OA of the knee and hip joints concurrent with the pain syndrome and first-second grade AH were followed up. Diclofenac, ketoprofen, arthrotec, nimesulide, and meloxicam were used. In a control group, the analgesic tramadol was supplemented to the therapy. AH was controlled by enalapril monotherapy. In groups of patients receiving diclofenac, arthrotec, meloxicam, and ketoprofen, there was a trend for the number of cases of an adequate nocturnal BP lowering (Dipper) to reduce and for those of an inadequate nocturnal BP decrease (Non-dipper), which may be accounted for by the prohypertensive effect of these drugs; this trend was most pronounced in the diclofenac and arthrotec groups. Despite its marked prohypertensive effect, nimesulide did not impair circadian BP variations. The central-acting analgesic tramadol exerted no prohypertensive effect and it did not increase BP values. The prohypertensive effect of the tested NSAIDs and tramadol increases in the following order: tramadol, ketoprofen, meloxicam, nimesulide, arthrotec, diclofenac.
 ...
PMID:[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and tramadol in the treatment of osteoarthrosis deformans in patients with arterial hypertension]. 1558 3

The purpose of this study was to assess the possible synergistic interaction between diclofenac and B-vitamins (100:100:1 of vitamin B1, B6 and B12, respectively) in the rat formalin test. Female Wistar rats were injected into the dorsal surface of the right hind paw with 50 microl of diluted formalin (1%). Reduction of the number of flinches was considered as antinociception. Diclofenac (0.31-316 mg/kg), B-vitamins (32-178 mg/kg), or a combination of B-vitamins and diclofenac was administered orally and the antinociceptive effect was determined. Isobolographic analyses were used to define the nature of the functional interactions between B-vitamins and diclofenac in two proportions (1:1, 1:3; Diclofenac:B-Vitamins). Diclofenac (ED30 3.7+/-0.4 mg/kg), B-vitamins (ED30 76.2+/-8.5 mg/kg), and fixed-ratio B-vitamins-diclofenac combinations dose-dependently reduced flinching behavior during second phase of the test. Theoretical ED30 values for the combination estimated from the isobolograms were 39.9+/-4.2 and 58.1+/-6.4 mg/kg for 1:1 and 1:3 proportions, respectively. These values were significantly higher than experimental ED30 values which were 7.4+/-9.3 and 22.8+/-9.8 mg/kg for 1:1 and 1:3 proportions, respectively. Results indicate that oral diclofenac and B-vitamins can interact synergistically to reduce inflammatory pain in the formalin test and suggest the use of those combinations to relief this kind of pain in humans.
 ...
PMID:B vitamins increase the analgesic effect of diclofenac in the rat. 1563 20

B vitamins have been used as analgesic drugs to treat pain disorders associated with their deficiency. More recently it has been claimed that B vitamins are useful to relieve different pain states as carpal tunnel, migraine and premenstrual tension. In Latin America, B vitamins are commonly used to treat neuropathic pain; however, there is no data to support this indication. In the present work we assessed the possible analgesic activity of vitamin B12 alone and combined with diclofenac in a neuropathic pain model in the rat. Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves of female Wistar rats. Tactile allodynia was determined by measuring paw withdrawal in response to probing with a series of calibrated von Frey filaments. Vitamin B12 (0.75-6 mg/kg), but not diclofenac (1-10 mg/kg), reduced in a dose-dependent manner tactile allodynia induced by spinal nerve ligation. Diclofenac (3.2 mg/kg) was not able to further increase vitamin B12-induced antiallodynia. Results indicate that vitamin B12, but not diclofenac, produces antiallodynic effects in the rat and suggest that this vitamin could be a potential treatment for neuropathic pain in humans.
 ...
PMID:Effect of diclofenac on the antiallodynic activity of vitamin B12 in a neuropathic pain model in the rat. 1563 22

In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, 120 ASA 1 or 2 patients were allocated to receive diclofenac or normal saline as pretreatment to assess their effect on incidence and severity of pain during propofol injection. Diclofenac in two different doses, i.e. 25 mg and 15 mg, was tried for this purpose. The overall incidence of pain did not significantly differ among the groups, but the incidence of moderate to severe pain following propofol injection was significantly less in patients who received diclofenac 25 mg (P = 0.0017) or 15 mg (P = 0.0363) than in those who received saline. However, the diclofenac itself was associated with mild pain in some patients.
 ...
PMID:Effect of diclofenac pretreatment on pain during propofol injection. 1611 3

Previous studies indicate that plasma levels of serotonin (5-HT) and intramuscular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) participate in determining the mechanical pain threshold and tolerance level to pressure applied on the skin over healthy muscles. Other studies reported gender differences regarding responses to noxious stimuli. The present study aimed to determine whether the mechanical pain threshold of healthy muscles is influenced by oral administration of 5-HT3 or PGE2-inhibitors and if there are any gender differences in this respect. Ten healthy female subjects and 10 age-matched healthy male subjects participated in the study, which was randomized and double blind with crossover design. Granisetron (5-HT3-antagonist), diclofenac-sodium (PGE2-antagonist) and placebo were administered for 3 days. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) was recorded bilaterally with an algometer over certain orofacial, trunk, and limb muscles before and after administration of the antagonists. The PPT over all muscles combined increased after administration of granisetron. There was no change after administration of placebo. The difference between granisetron and placebo was significant for the trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles. Diclofenac-sodium did not influence the PPT and there was no difference compared to placebo. Although the basal PPT values were lower in females, the PPT response to granisetron differed significantly between genders only in the tibialis anterior muscle. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that oral administration of the 5-HT3-antagonist granisetron increased the PPT over healthy trunk and limb muscles but not over orofacial muscles, and that the response in the limb muscles was greater in males.
Pain 2005 Feb
PMID:The effect on mechanical pain threshold over human muscles by oral administration of granisetron and diclofenac-sodium. 1566 32

South Africa is blessed with a rich floral biodiversity of medicinally useful plants. One such plant is Harpagophytum procumbens DC (Family: Pedaliaceae). H. procumbens is widely used in South African traditional medicine for the treatment, management and/or control of a variety of human ailments. In the present study, the analgesic effect of H. procumbens secondary root aqueous extract was evaluated in mice, using the 'hot-plate' and 'acetic acid' test methods; while the antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the plant's secondary root extract were investigated in rats. Fresh egg albumin-induced pedal oedema and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus were used as experimental test models of inflammation and diabetes Diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was used as a reference analgesic and antiinflammatory agent for comparison. Chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p.o.) was used as a reference hypoglycaemic agent for comparison. H. procumbens root aqueous extract (HPE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced significant (p < 0.05-0.001) analgesic effects against thermally and chemically induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. H. procumbens root extract (HPE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) also produced dose-related, significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) of the fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation of the rat hind paw oedema. Furthermore, the plant extract (HPE, 50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (p < 0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. The results of this experimental animal study indicate that H. procumbens root aqueous extract possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties, and lend pharmacological support to the suggested folklore uses of Harpagophytum procumbens root in the management and/or control of painful, arthritic and other inflammatory conditions, as well as for adult-onset, type-2 diabetes mellitus in some communities of South Africa.
 ...
PMID:Analgesic, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic properties of Harpagophytum procumbens DC (Pedaliaceae) secondary root aqueous extract. 1574 43

We conducted this study to evaluate the effects of magnesium, when added to lidocaine for IV regional anesthesia (IVRA), on tourniquet pain. Thirty patients undergoing elective hand surgery during IVRA were randomly assigned to two groups. IVRA was achieved with 10 mL of saline plus 3 mg/kg lidocaine 0.5% diluted with saline to a total of 40 mL in group C or with 10 mL of 15% magnesium sulfate (12.4 mmol) plus 3 mg/kg lidocaine 0.5% diluted with saline to a total of 40 mL in group M. Injection pain, sensory and motor block onset and recovery time, tourniquet pain, and anesthesia quality were noted. Patients were instructed to receive 75 mg of IM diclofenac when the visual analog scale (VAS) score was >4, and analgesic requirements were recorded. Sensory and motor block onset times were shorter and recovery times were prolonged in group M (P < 0.05). VAS scores of tourniquet pain were lower in group M at 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min (P < 0.001). Anesthesia quality, as determined by the anesthesiologist and surgeon, was better in group M (P < 0.05). Time to the first postoperative analgesic request in group C was 95 +/- 29 min and in group M was 155 +/- 38 min (P < 0.05). Postoperative VAS scores were higher for the first postoperative 6 h in group C (P < 0.05). Diclofenac consumption was significantly less in group M (50 +/- 35 mg) when compared with group C (130 + 55 mg) (P < 0.05). We conclude that magnesium as an adjunct to lidocaine improves the quality of anesthesia and analgesia in IVRA.
 ...
PMID:Intravenous regional anesthesia using lidocaine and magnesium. 1578 43

In order to scientifically appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves, the present study was undertaken to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties of the plant's leaf aqueous extract in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive effect of the herb's leaf extract was evaluated by the 'hot-plate' and 'acetic acid' test models of pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the plant's extract were investigated in rats, using fresh egg albumin-induced pedal (paw) oedema, and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus. Diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg) were used respectively as reference drugs for comparison. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous extract (BPE, 25-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced significant (P<0.05-0.001) antinociceptive effects against thermally- and chemically-induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. The plant extract (BPE, 25-800 mg/kg p.o. or i.p.) also significantly (P<0.05-0.001) inhibited fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation and caused significant (P<0.05-0.001) hypoglycaemia in rats. The results of this experimental animal study suggest that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous extract possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties. The different flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids and other chemical constituents of the herb are speculated to account for the observed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties of the plant.
 ...
PMID:Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. 1584 14

This was a pilot, single blind, randomised, controlled study in patients requiring partial meniscectomy. The aim was to assess whether replacing the synovial fluid lost during arthroscopy with a hyaluronic acid-containing synovial fluid substitute (Viscoseal) would reduce the severity and duration of post-operative symptoms during the 4 weeks post-surgery, in comparison to the standard arthroscopy procedure alone. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to either undergo arthroscopic partial meniscectomy alone (control group: n=25) or to receive 10 ml Viscoseal into the joint at the end of the procedure (Viscoseal group: n=25). Forty patients (20 per group) completed the study. Despite the small patient population in this pilot study, some interesting results were obtained. On Day 1 after surgery, the mean values for pain at rest (VAS) increased in both groups but this increase was lower in the Viscoseal group (8.9+/-23.1 mm) than in the standard therapy group (20.0+/-25.9 mm) (Mann-Whitney statistic MW-S: P=0.0525) and remained in favour of Viscoseal for the first 3 days after surgery. Joint swelling decreased to a greater extent in the Viscoseal group with an observed superiority at Day 7 (MW-S: P=0.1187) and a proven superiority at Days 12 (MW-S: P=0.015) and 28 (MW-S: P=0.0072). Diclofenac intake was lower in the Viscoseal group from Day 3 to Day 28 with a proven superiority (LB-CI > 0.5) in favour of Viscoseal on Days 3 (MW-S: P = 0.0093), 4 (MW-S: P= 0.0075), and 7 (MW-S: P = 0.0195) indicating that the product had an NSAID-sparing effect. Viscoseal was safe and well-tolerated and no adverse reactions occurred during the study. These findings indicate that Viscoseal may be useful as a synovial fluid substitute after arthroscopy.
 ...
PMID:Effects of Viscoseal, a synovial fluid substitute, on recovery after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and joint lavage. 1591 64


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>