Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurocutaneous syndrome, a newly discovered toxicity disorder, is characterized by neurological sensations, pain, depleted energy, and memory loss as well as itchy cutaneous lesions that may invite various opportunistic infections. Components in the calcium hydroxide dental sealants Dycal, Life and Sealapex have been identified as sources of the observed symptoms. Sulfonamide and neurological toxicity issues are discussed, and three case histories are presented. Additional notes on zinc oxide, Fynal, IRM, and Sultan U/P sealers are also included. Diagnostic and management protocols at the Parasitology Center, Inc., are proposed.
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PMID:On the diagnosis and management of neurocutaneous syndrome, a toxicity disorder from dental sealants. 1592 52

Tramadol, (1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamine)-methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol hydrochloride, is an atypical centrally acting analgesic agent with relatively weak opioid receptor affinity and which, like some antidepressants, is able to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the raphe nucleus. We have previously demonstrated that pindolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocker/5-hydroxytryptamine(1A/1B) receptor antagonist, enhanced tramadol antinociception and that the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) reduced it. These effects were related to the negative feedback control that regulates raphe region neurones. The current study examines the ability of the selective antagonist at somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors, N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane carboxamide (WAY100635, 0.8 mg/kg), the selective antagonist at terminal 5-HT1B receptors, N-[3-(2-dimethylamino) ethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl]-2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-carboxamide (SB216641, 0.1-0.8 mg/kg) and the selective agonist at 5-HT1B receptors, 1,4-tDihydro-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-b] pyridin-5-one (CP93129, 0.2-0.4 mg/kg), to modify the antinociceptive effect of 4-64 mg/kg of tramadol in the hot plate test in mice. The results show that 0.8 mg/kg of WAY100635 enhanced antinociceptive effect of tramadol while neither agonism nor antagonism at the 5-HT1B receptor modifies it significantly at the doses tested. These results account for involvement of the somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in the analgesic effect of tramadol and support the supraspinal interaction of serotonin and the opioid system in the regulation of pain.
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PMID:Role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in the antinociceptive effect of tramadol. 1577 75

Tooth fragment reattachment is a relatively new technique and there are many aspects which still need to be explored. Reported here is a case of enamel and dentin fracture of 11 and 21. There was a very thin layer of dentin clinically over the pulp chamber and the root apices were immature. The reattachment procedure was modified slightly. The initial joint was made with protective calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement on the approximating surfaces. The further reattachment was accomplished using composites and acid etch technique. This was done for pulpal protection. After six months, reattachment was intact and successful with no staining, sensitivity or pain. The radiographs revealed root completion of the immature incisors. The reattachment procedure proved to be biologically superior in addition to its esthetic value and psychological advantage.
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PMID:Biological aspects of tooth fragment reattachment in immature incisors. 1585 7

This clinical study assessed the postoperative cold sensitivity reported by patients following the Class I and Class II amalgam restoration of primary carious lesions after different cavity treatments. One hundred and twenty patients, each with a previously untreated tooth requiring an amalgam restoration due to the presence of a carious lesion, were included. Sixty teeth had lesions that were radiographically judged to be located in the middle third of dentin, and another 60 were located in the inner third of dentin. Six different cavity treatment regimens were used: Group 1--no treatment; Group 2--calcium hydroxide liner (Life); Group 3--cavity varnish (Copalite); Group 4--resin modified glass ionomer liner (Vitrebond); Group 5--dentin adhesive resin liner (Single Bond); Group 6--chlorhexidine disinfectant (Consepsis). Patients were telephoned on days 2 and 7 postoperatively and asked whether they experienced sensitivity to cold, and if so, its duration and intensity. If sensitivity remained up to day 7, patients were also contacted on days 30 and 90. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed postoperative sensitivity to be significantly different among cavity treatments at days 2, 7 and 30 (p = 0.026, 0.044, 0.015, respectively). Lesion depth also affected postoperative sensitivity at day 2, with 27% of teeth with middle-third lesions producing pain, and 58% of those with lesions extending to the inner third producing pain (p = 0.000). This difference showed up at 7 and 30 days (p = 0.001, 0.015, respectively). Of the 51 teeth with sensitivity at day 2, 17 had mild pain, 26 were moderately painful and 8 had severe pain; each category reduced in degree of sensitivity and number with time. It would seem that medium-term (beyond 30 days) postoperative sensitivity is affected neither by the method of cavity treatment nor the depth of lesion, although, in the shorter-term, these factors do influence the postoperative sensitivity reported.
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PMID:Effect of cavity disinfection on postoperative sensitivity associated with amalgam restorations. 1682 17

Acute pain and swelling following endodontic treatment are a challenge for both the patient and the dentist. According to previous studies, the incidence of flare-ups increases after endodontic treatment of teeth with necrotic pulps. Calcium hydroxide is currently used as a multi-purpose drug in root canal therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of flare-ups after treatment of pulpless teeth using calcium hydroxide as an intracanal dressing. Sixty patients with single-root necrotic teeth participated in this study. These patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20. The patients were treated in Group A in a single-visit approach, in group B with a two-visit approach without any intracanal dressing and group C with a two-visit approach using calcium hydroxide as an intracanal dressing for one week. All of the patients were followed for 72 hours after each treatment session. The information about the incidence and severity of pain and swelling was recorded in tables, using a modified Visual Analogue Scale for pain severity measurement and a scale with four degrees for measuring the severity of swelling. The data were analyzed by chi-square test and GENMODE procedure.
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PMID:Flare-ups incidence and severity after using calcium hydroxide as intracanal dressing. 1692 9

Virosomal hepatitis A vaccine contains formalin-inactivated hepatitis A (strain RG-SB) antigen adsorbed on to immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIVs). IRIVs act as an adjuvant and may stimulate both the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens. In noncomparative studies, virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (500 radioimmunoassay units) has exhibited immunogenicity in adults and children, inducing seroconversion in almost all volunteers within 4 weeks (usually within 2 weeks) of vaccination. Booster injections of the virosomal vaccine 12 months after the initial dose increased anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibody titres by 11- to 39-fold. Studies of up to 3 years in duration (with a booster vaccination after 1 year) have shown high anti-HAV antibody titres; protection against hepatitis A infection has been estimated to last for 8 to 12.5 years and an unpublished report suggests that 68% of vaccinees may be protected for >/=30 years. In comparative studies, the virosomal vaccine produced lower anti-HAV antibody titres than an aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine (strain HM175), but similar percentages of volunteers seroconverted. The virosomal vaccine was shown to have 95% protective efficacy in unpublished preliminary results of a randomised double-blind trial involving Nicaraguan children. The vaccine had better local tolerability than an aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed hepatitis A (strain HM175) vaccine in immunogenicity studies. The most common adverse effect was pain or soreness at the injection site. Thus, virosomal hepatitis A vaccine (strain RG-SB) is highly immunogenic, has demonstrated protection from hepatitis A infection in a preliminary report, and appears to have a relatively low incidence of local adverse effects on injection. The final placement of this vaccine in the prevention of hepatitis A infection will be determined by the duration of protection it offers in comparison to other hepatitis A vaccines and its relative acquisition costs.
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PMID:[Not Available]. 1803 Oct 96

The purpose of this research is to investigate the frequency of endodontic flare-ups using a visual analogue scale. Definitions of flare-ups vary widely as does their reported frequency. A flare-up was defined as an increase of 20 or more points on the visual analogue scale for a given tooth, within the periods of 4 h and 24 h after the initial treatment appointment. The data from a previous study were used to determine the incidence of flare-ups after using three modalities (Ledermix, calcium hydroxide and no medication) to manage patients presenting for relief of pain of endodontic origin. A statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in flare-up rates at both the 4-h and 24-h periods between the three modalities. Further research is required using the above definition of a flare-up and standardising treatment protocols.
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PMID:Flare-ups in endodontics and their relationship to various medicaments. 1807 80

A 13-year-old otherwise healthy premenarchal girl presented with acute onset of painful vulvar ulcerations. One day before developing vulvar ulcerations, she experienced flu-like symptoms, including a low-grade fever, cough, sore throat, and myalgia. Results of a throat swab were positive for influenza A infection (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay), and the patient was treated with oseltamivir. The patient's constitutional symptoms improved slightly, but within 2 days after her initial presentation, she returned to her primary care provider and described 24 hours of dysuria and vulvar swelling. She had a history of herpes labialis (cold sores) and rare episodes of minor oral aphthae (canker sores) that occurred less than twice a year. The patient denied a history of sexual activity, sexual abuse, or physical trauma. Physical examination showed ulceration and swelling of the labia minora, and the patient received an empiric dose of acyclovir (200 mg 4 times daily) for presumed autoinoculated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. An ulcer swab was performed, and urinalysis revealed no evidence of infection. Two days later, the patient presented to the emergency department with increasing vulvar pain and vaginal discharge. The previous ulcer swab findings were negative for HSV (PCR assay), and consequently, acyclovir was discontinued after 1 day of therapy. She received topical viscous lidocaine and an empiric dose of oral fluconazole. The lidocaine provided temporary symptomatic relief. Results of DNA amplification studies were negative for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A potassium hydroxide preparation was negative for fungi, and an ulcer swab for bacterial culture revealed usual flora. Of note, the PCR assay for Epstein-Barr virus was not performed on ulcer cells. The patient was referred to the department of dermatology, and results of a physical examination showed copious white mucoid discharge and a 2-cm ulceration of the left labia minora (Figure, panel A). Two smaller pinpoint ulcerations and swelling of the left labia minora were also noted. The lesions were clinically indistinguishable from the genital aphthous ulcers of patients with complex aphthosis (recurrent, severe aphthous ulcers on oral or genital mucosa). A diagnosis of ulcus vulvae acutum was made, and treatment was started with clobetasol 0.05% ointment (4 times daily) and lidocaine gel as needed. Four days later, the patient reported marked symptomatic improvement. Physical examination showed near resolution of the large vulvar ulceration (Figure, panel B). The patient tapered use of clobetasol ointment over the next several days until the ulcerations healed completely. Two months after her initial episode, the patient again had 3 small vulvar erosions after symptoms that included low-grade fever, malaise, and vomiting. She did not receive oseltamivir for this illness; clobetasol ointment was applied 4 times daily, and the vulvar erosions ameliorated within a few days. Her constitutional symptoms resolved without treatment. The patient has not experienced any further episodes of vulvar ulcerations in the 18 months after the most recent treatment.
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PMID:Ulcus vulvae acutum in a 13-year-old girl after influenza A infection. 1832 8

This study evaluated the incidence of postoperative pain after intracanal dressings with either 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate gel (CHX) or a calcium hydroxide/camphorated paramonochlorophenol/glycerin paste (CH/CPMC). Overall, 138 asymptomatic teeth had their canals instrumented under irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and then dressed with either CH/CPMC or CHX. The incidence of different intensity levels of postoperative pain was registered for the period between appointments. Data revealed that 84% of the total number of cases treated with either medicament showed absence of any level of pain. No case medicated with CH/CPMC and four cases (5.8%) medicated with CHX were categorized as flare-ups. There were no statistically significant differences between all possible comparisons involving the two medicaments in treatment/retreatment cases and teeth with/without apical periodontitis lesions. The low incidence of postoperative pain after the use of both medications, coupled to their antimicrobial effectiveness, gives support to using one or the other in routine treatment/retreatment.
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PMID:Postoperative pain following the use of two different intracanal medications. 1840 2

This study compares single-dose ibuprofen pretreatment for postoperative endodontic pain. Thirty-nine emergent patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups: placebo, ibuprofen tablets, or ibuprofen liquigels. Patients recorded their pain levels before and at the end of treatment, then every 6 hours for 24 hours after administration of the medications and standard endodontic treatment. Pain evaluations by using 3 pain scales (visual analog scale [VAS], category, and Heft-Parker) were highly correlated, suggesting the rationale for only using one pain scale in pain studies. No significant differences in postoperative pain levels were found between either single-dose ibuprofen formulation or the placebo control group (P = .84). Patients treated with calcium hydroxide versus obturation did not differ in postoperative pain levels (P = .44). This study suggests that single-dose pretreatment analgesia alone in endodontic pain patients will not significantly reduce postoperative pain below the reduction in pain from endodontic treatment.
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PMID:Evaluation of pretreatment analgesia and endodontic treatment for postoperative endodontic pain. 1849 82


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