Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Atherogenous dislipoproteinemia, involving a decrease in HDL cholesterol and 3-4-fold increase in the atherogeneity index was found to develop in rats after emotional-pain-dependent stress. Lipid peroxidation was activated in liver tissue of the animals, which was expressed as an increase in the MDA content, a decrease in SOD activity and as marked activation of fructose I-phosphate aldolase, an enzyme specific for liver tissue, in blood serum. The impairment of liver tissue caused an inhibition of 7 alpha-cholesterol hydroxylase--key enzyme of cholesterol hydroxylation into bile acids; the phenomenon may be of importance in development of dislipoproteinemias. Preadaptation of the animals to moderate hypoxia as well as administration of an antioxidant ionol prevented the activation of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue, liberation of fructose I-phosphate aldolase into blood, depression of 7 alpha-cholesterol hydroxylase and protected against the stress-dependent atherogenous dislipoproteinemia. Possible chemical and adaptational protection of liver, which is a very stress-sensitive tissue, is discussed.
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PMID:[Prevention of atherogenic dislipoproteinemias and metabolic disorders in the liver in emotional-pain stress]. 323 31

Salmon calcitonin 100 MRCU/day or a saline placebo were given in daily injections for at least three months to 49 patients with bone metastases from breast cancer in a randomized double-blind trial. All patients were normocalcemic, and most patients had stable or regressing disease at start of trial. No improvement in general performance or bone pain was detected as measured by a visual analogue scale, the daily duration of pain or consumption of analgetic drugs. Calcitonin had no effect on disease progression as judged by bone scans and radiographs. Calcitonin therapy did not affect serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, bone gla-protein, or the urinary excretion of calcium and hydroxyproline. Serum phosphate and magnesium decreased significantly during calcitonin treatment (p = 0.01, and 0.00005, respectively). It was concluded that salmon calcitonin in this dosage has no discernible effect on skeletal pain, general performance, bone metabolism or disease progression in patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone. A significant decrease in serum phosphate and magnesium probably indicated an effect of calcitonin on the renal excretion of these ions.
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PMID:Evaluation of salmon calcitonin treatment in bone metastases from breast cancer--a controlled trial. 328 58

Twenty-eight patients with osteoarthritis participated in a prospective, double-blind, cross-over study to compare the safety and efficacy of a new combination analgesic containing ibuprofen 200 mg, paracetamol 250 mg and codeine phosphate 10 mg per tablet (Myprodol; Rio Ethicals) with a standard treatment regimen (ibuprofen 200 mg per tablet). The combination tablet was found to provide significantly better pain relief than ibuprofen alone (P less than 0.05). Analysis of the results of haematological, hepatic and renal function tests showed no statistically significant differences between treatments. No serious side-effects or clinically important changes were encountered with either drug.
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PMID:Comparison of a standard ibuprofen treatment regimen with a new ibuprofen/paracetamol/codeine combination in chronic osteo-arthritis. 331 57

In a double-masked, randomized fashion, 11 patients with hematologic malignancies received 13 courses of high-dose cytarabine therapy, intravenously (3 g/m2 every 12 hours for five to six days). Each patient received topical prednisolone phosphate 1% in one eye and 2-deoxycytidine 100 microM in the other eye every six hours. Topical therapy was initiated 12 hours before the first cytarabine dose and continued for up to ten days (until four to five days after completion of cytarabine therapy). Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed before therapy and then weekly for one month. 2-Deoxycytidine was equally as effective as the topical corticosteroid therapy in reducing photophobia and pain, microcysts, and punctate epithelial erosions, and each treatment gave results significantly better when compared historically to placebo-treated eyes.
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PMID:Comparison of the prophylactic effects of 2-deoxycytidine and prednisolone for high-dose intravenous cytarabine-induced keratitis. 331 26

The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the role of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in its treatment are reviewed. RA, a widespread disease affecting people of all races and sexes around the world, has an unknown and perhaps multifactorial etiology. Conflicting evidence supports an immune-complex, infectious, metabolic, or genetic basis for RA. The disease affects diarthrodial joints and begins as an immune response to unknown antigenic stimuli. A proliferative process ensues, leading to formation of a vascular lesion called a pannus, which then infiltrates into cartilage, subchrondral bone, and tendon. This destructive phase leads to classic RA symptoms of pain, limitation of motion, swelling, heat, and redness of the affected joint. Symptoms and laboratory tests form the basis for diagnosis. For most RA patients, conservative therapy provides substantial benefit. In those patients who suffer from unrelenting and progressively destructive disease, more aggressive intervention is necessary to prevent permanent disability. The DMARDs are reserved for treatment of this group of patients. DMARDs include such diverse agents as the gold compounds aurothioglucose, auranofin, and gold sodium thiomalate; the antimalarials hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate; penicillamine; and the cytotoxic agents azathioprine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide. DMARDs are effective but toxic therapeutic agents. Because of the toxicities of these agents, careful monitoring at regular intervals is necessary throughout the duration of therapy. For patients in whom these drugs demonstrate efficacy and are tolerated, the DMARDs may attenuate the disabling effects of long-term erosive disease.
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PMID:Current concepts in clinical therapeutics: disease-modifying drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. 331 62

Morphine sulfate in doses of 90 to 150 micrograms/3 microliters evoke a prominent behavioral syndrome characterized by 1) periodic bouts of spontaneous agitation during which the rat scratches and bites at the skin of the caudal dermatomes and 2) vigorous agitation, vocalization and coordinated efforts to bite and escape evoked by a light tactile stimulus applied to the flank, suggestive of a pain state (allodynia). The phenomenon is not reversed by naltrexone or is it subject to tolerance. The ordering of activity of an opioid alkaloid related agent in producing this touch-evoked agitation is: noroxymorphone-3-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-3-ethereal sulfate, dihydromorphine, noroxymorphone dihydrate, hydromorphone, dihydrocodeine tartrate, morphine sulfate, dihydroisomorphine, morphine-HCl, 6-acetylmorphine, N-normorphine-HCl and (+)-morphine. The following agents were essentially without effect at the highest doses examined: 3,6-diacetylmorphine, N-normeperidine-HCl, nalorphine-HCl, alfentanil, sufentanil, naloxone, naltrexone, methadone, dextrorphan tartrate, meperidine-HCl, oxycodone, levorphanol, oxymorphone, codeine phosphate, thebaine, nalbuphine and naltrexone-3-glucuronide. The observations that the sulfated and conjugated metabolites are 10 to 50 times more potent than their unmetabolized precursor suggest the possibility that, in high concentrations certain phenanthrene opioid alkaloids with a free 3-OH position, an ether bridge and no N-methyl extension will be subject to conjugation and this metabolite will alter the processing of otherwise innocuous tactile stimuli. The fact that the phenomenon appeared at least partially stereospecific may reflect upon the fact that other laboratories have shown that glucuronyl transferase may preferentially convert (-)-morphine to the 3-glucuronide and (+)-morphine to the 6-glucuronide which may be less active.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pharmacology of the allodynia in rats evoked by high dose intrathecal morphine. 334 33

The records of 65 patients with diagnoses of extensive intestinal ischaemia during the 10 years from December 1973 to January 1984 were retrieved from 18 hospitals in Ireland. There were 32 males and 33 females, ranging in age from 20 to 96 years (mean 69.8 years). Duration of symptoms ranged from 4 h to 8 days. Pain was the most common presenting feature. Gastrointestinal haemorrhage was apparent in 31%, hypotension in 28% and atrial fibrillation in 43%. Associated vascular disease was present in 43%. There were elevations of serum inorganic phosphate in 15%, leucoytosis in 65% and metabolic acidosis in 67%. The mean interval from hospital admission to operation in survivors was 14.5 h, whereas the mean delay in those who died was 44 h. The correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 23 (35%) and the aetiology of intestinal ischaemia was recorded as: thrombosis 25 (39%), embolism 12 (18%), adhesions/volvulus 4 (6%) and indeterminate in 24 (37%). Laparotomy was performed in 49: gangrenous bowel was resected in 29 and six had operations designed to revascularise the intestine. The remaining 14 patients either had laparotomy alone (12) or an inappropriate operation (2). In 46 patients (70.8%) who died, death was related to three factors: the mean age of survivors was 7 years less than that of patients who died, the interval to laparotomy was on average 30 h less, and the length of ischaemic bowel was on average 61% less.
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PMID:Prognostic factors in extensive mesenteric ischaemia. 341 65

From July, 1980, to June, 1983, 319 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostatic cancer were randomized to one of three treatment protocols: diethylstilbestrol (DES) or bilateral orchiectomy, cyclophosphamide plus 5-fluorouracil plus DES, and estramustine phosphate (Emcyt). Ninety-three per cent of 296 patients were eligible for evaluation. This report shows no difference in survival, disease-free progression time, or status regarding pain at entry. Other prognostic factors failed to reveal any difference within any of the treatment protocols.
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PMID:Results of another trial of chemotherapy with and without hormones in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. 352 38

In a double-blind, crossover comparison, 236 patients with metastatic prostate cancer were randomized to receive estramustine phosphate (EMP) or diethylstilbestrol (DES). Previously castrated patients (66) were separately randomized. Patients kept taking their first drug until progression was proved by objective studies, at which time alternative treatment was begun. The primary determinant of efficacy was the duration between start of therapy and date of objective progression. Uncastrated patients treated with EMP had a significantly longer duration without progression than those treated with DES (p less than 0.01). The following subcategories of entry were further evaluated: little or no pain, moderate to severe pain, little reduction in activity, significant reduction in activity, presence or absence of cardiovascular disease, age above or below 70 years, and "good" or "bad" histology. For all but the last category, EMP was statistically superior to DES. Patients who underwent orchiectomy less than 3 months before randomization had nonprogression rates similar to those for noncastrated men in both groups. Secondary (crossover) therapy was less effective than first therapy in both groups: 46% of patients receiving EMP and 40% receiving DES had no progression at 6 months. Clinical and laboratory adverse experiences were similar for both drugs, except that gastrointestinal disturbances were more common in the EMP group.
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PMID:Estramustine phosphate compared with diethylstilbestrol. A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial for stage D prostate cancer. 352 21

The well-known difficulty in distinguishing the response to a combination headache medication and its individual components in the presence of a high placebo response was again demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial comparing Fiorinal with Codeine and its Fiorinal and codeine phosphate components in relieving the pain, tension, and muscle contraction associated with tension headache. In the original analysis of the study data, no distinction was apparent between patient response to Fiorinal with Codeine and the response to the individual components, a finding that appeared to conflict with the results of a similar earlier study. This apparent discrepancy was attributable to a high placebo response in the later study. Separation of study subjects according to their baseline level of anxiety and pain identified a subset of less anxious patients with mild to moderate pain severity who were least likely to respond to placebo. Analysis of data from these patients showed that Fiorinal with Codeine was significantly better than placebo in improving patients' self-ratings of various symptoms of tension headache at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after ingestion of the study medication. The combination drug was also consistently superior to Fiorinal alone and codeine alone in improving the patients' self-evaluation items, and differences between the combination and its components were generally of statistical or borderline significance during the last half of the study. The investigators' assessments of the effect of treatment on the three principal variables in tension headache (namely, headache pain, psychic tension, and muscle contraction of the head, neck, and shoulders) at the final patient visit also showed Fiorinal with Codeine to be not only significantly superior to placebo but also consistently superior to either component. The superiority of the combination over Fiorinal alone achieved borderline significance for headache pain and psychic tension.
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PMID:Fiorinal with Codeine in the management of tension headache: impact of placebo response. 355 25


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