Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nucleus submedius in the medial thalamus of cats is an important termination site for lamina I trigemino-and spinothalamic tract (TSTT) neurons, many of which are nociceptive-specific, and the nucleus submedius has been proposed to be a dedicated nociceptive substrate involved in the affective aspect of pain. In the present study, the distribution of glutamate was examined by immunocytochemical methods in order to evaluate the possible role of this amino acid as a neurotransmitter in TSTT terminals in the nucleus submedius. TSTT terminals were identified by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate from the spinal cord or the medullary dorsal horn. Quantitative analysis of immunogold labelling revealed that TSTT terminals contain about twice the tissue average of glutamate-like immunoreactivity. A strong positive correlation was found between the density of synaptic vesicles and the density of gold particles in these terminals, whereas no relationship was seen between these variables in GABAergic presynaptic dendrites. Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity (approximately 250% of the tissue average) was also observed in terminals of presumed cortical origin. Presynaptic dendrites and neuron cell bodies in the nucleus submedius were found to contain relatively low levels of glutamate-like immunoreactivity, at or below the tissue average. These observations provide evidence that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in lamina I TSTT terminals in the nucleus submedius. The findings also suggest glutamatergic neurotransmission between cortical afferents and nucleus submedius neurons. Glutamate is therefore likely to be an important mediator of nociceptive processing in the medial thalamus.
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PMID:Evidence for glutamate as neurotransmitter in trigemino-and spinothalamic tract terminals in the nucleus submedius of cats. 775 65

The pre-embedding double immunoreaction method was used to study synaptic relations of enkephalinergic and GABAergic neuronal elements in the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray of the Wistar albino rat. The enkephalin-like neuronal elements were immunoreacted by the silver-gold intensified peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and the GABA-like immunoreactive neurons were immunoreacted by the unintensified peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. GABA-like immunoreactive neuronal somata were post-synaptic to both the enkephalin-like immunoreactive and the non-immunoreactive axon terminals. Enkephalin-like immunoreactive axon terminals were found to make synapses with GABA-like immunoreactive and non-immunoreactive dendrites. The synapses between the two kinds of chemically characterized neurons appeared to be both asymmetrical and symmetrical. Possible functional activity related to pain modulation, and synaptic relations between the enkephalinergic and GABAergic neurons in the periaqueductal gray and the dorsal raphe nucleus, are discussed.
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PMID:Immunoelectron microscopy of enkephalinergic innervation of GABAergic neurons in the periaqueductal gray. 788 16

Single unit recording studies in anesthetized cats have identified a population of neurons in the brainstem trigeminal complex that can be activated by stimulation of major dural blood vessels. Such dura-responsive neurons exhibit response properties that are appropriate for a role in the mediation of vascular head pain in that they typically exhibit nociceptive facial receptive fields whose periorbital distribution is similar to the region of referred pain evoked by dural stimulation in humans. In the present study, intracellular labelling with horseradish peroxidase was used to examine the anatomical characteristics of brainstem trigeminal neurons that respond to dural stimulation. A total of 17 neurons was labelled that responded to electrical stimulation of dural sites overlying the superior sagittal sinus or middle meningeal artery. Fourteen of these neurons also responded to electrical stimulation of the cornea. The neurons in this sample were located in the rostral two-thirds of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and the caudalmost part of the nucleus interpolaris. Within caudalis, the neurons were located in the deeper part of the nucleus, primarily lamina V, and were concentrated ventrolaterally. The dendritic arborizations of the dura-responsive neurons typically exhibited a dorsolateral-to-ventromedial orientation and did not extend into the superficial laminae of caudalis. Dura-responsive neurons had axonal collaterals and boutons in the nucleus caudalis, nucleus interpolaris, the infratrigeminal region ventral to nucleus interpolaris, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the medullary reticular formation. The axonal boutons within the trigeminal complex exhibited a ventrolateral distribution which largely overlapped the distribution of the somata. The results are consistent with previous evidence that dura-responsive brainstem trigeminal neurons may have a role in the mediation of dural vascular head pain and also indicate that such neurons may contribute to nociceptive processing within the dorsal horn.
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PMID:Anatomical properties of brainstem trigeminal neurons that respond to electrical stimulation of dural blood vessels. 799 55

The purpose of this study was to determine if a radiolabeled murine monoclonal antibody (EOS) directed against eosinophil peroxidase would localize specifically to tumor sites in patients with lymphomas infiltrated by eosinophils. Ten patients with Hodgkin's disease and eosinophilia, three patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and eosinophilia and five control patients received an intravenous injection of 3-10 mg of EOS antibody radiolabeled with 74-155 MBq (2.0-4.2 mCi) of 111In. At intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hr after injection, gamma camera images were obtained along with blood and urine specimens and the imaging results were correlated with the results of other staging modalities. As early as 24 hr after antibody injection, there was clear visualization of identifiable sites of lymphoma with eosinophilia greater than 1 cm in size, including the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. Although EOS also localized nonspecifically to the liver and, in some patients, to the nasopharynx, there was no appreciable uptake in normal bone marrow, spleen, uninvolved lymph nodes, lymphomas without eosinophilia or various other pathologic conditions without eosinophilia. Except for transient pain at tumor sites in three patients, no adverse reactions were noted. We conclude that a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody directed against eosinophil peroxidase localizes to lymphoma sites infiltrated by eosinophils.
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PMID:Radioimmunodetection of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with monoclonal antibody to eosinophil peroxidase. 832 80

The internal lateral (IL) subnucleus of the parabrachial nucleus (PB), which is one of the seven lateral subnuclei of the PB, receives information from the spinal cord. The IL subnucleus perhaps relays nociceptive signals to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, apparently being implicated in the motivational-affective component of pain reaction. However, cells of origin of spinal fibers to the IL subnucleus have not been investigated sufficiently. We intended to clarify these cells by injection of fast blue or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the IL subnucleus and/or other lateral subnuclei in the rat. When the tracer was injected into the IL subnucleus, many cells were labeled bilaterally in laminae I, V, and VII, and in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the lateral funiculus throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. A small number of labeled cells appeared ipsilaterally in laminae II-IV and VI in the upper cervical segments and contralaterally in laminae VIII and X throughout the spinal cord. Labeled cells in lamina I were more numerous ipsilaterally than contralaterally in the first two cervical segments but were more numerous contralaterally than ipsilaterally in the remaining spinal segments. Labeled cells were seen with a contralateral predominance in lamina VII, but with an ipsilateral predominance in lamina V and in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the lateral funiculus. With tracer injected into the lateral subnuclei of the PB, excluding the IL subnucleus, labeled cells were found primarily in lamina I throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. These results show that cells giving rise to spinoparabrachial fibers were more numerous and more widely distributed than previously reported.
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PMID:Cells of origin of the spinoparabrachial fibers in the rat: a study with fast blue and WGA-HRP. 844 Jul 90

Leukemic transformation in essential thrombocythemia (ET) is rare. We describe a patient with ET which transformed to megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis after treatment with melphalan for 8 years. His course after transformation smouldered for 20 months without antileukemic chemotherapy. A 61-year-old man was referred by a local doctor to Niigata University Hospital due to nasal bleeding in June 1984. Complete blood count (CBC) was as follows; hemoglobin 12.4 g/dl, platelets 268.8 x 10(4)/microliters, and white blood cells 11,900/microliters, with differentials of 39% PMN, 1% basophils, 2% eosinophils, 4% monocytes, and 13% lymphocytes. Bone marrow examination revealed hyperplasia of megakaryocytes without increase of reticulin fibers. Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity and karyotype of marrow cells were normal. ET was diagnosed. He was followed up by local doctor. The platelet count was controlled at a level of approximately 40 x 10(4)/microliters with melphalan for eight years. In January 1992 he developed pain in his lower extremities. He was admitted to our hospital on May 29, 1992. CBC was as follows; hemoglobin 8.9 g/dl, platelets 14.3 x 10(4)/microliters, and white blood cells 3,500/microliters, with differentials of 25% PMN, 5% monocytes, 28% lymphocytes, and 24% blasts. Bone marrow aspiration was unsuccessful and bone marrow biopsy revealed increases in fibroblasts and collagen fibers. Circulating blasts were positive for CD4, CD7, CD25, CD13, CD33, CD34, and HLA-DR and partly positive for CD41 and CD36. In ultrastructural cytochemistry blasts were positive for platelet peroxidase but negative for myeloperoxidase. Cytogenetic study revealed 46, XY, +der (1) t(1:7) (p11;q11) in all of five metaphases. He was diagnosed with megakaryoblastic leukemia accompanied by myelofibrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Essential thrombocythemia in transformation to smouldering megakaryoblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis]. 853 33

A case of sacrococcygeal chordoma in a 9-year-old boy is presented. The symptoms at presentation were pain in both legs and sacrococcygeal region for the last two years that increased in the last four weeks irradiating mainly to the left leg. X-ray and CT scan examinations of the lumbar region revealed an expansive process in the coccygeal region with multiple calcifications and a partially eroded coccyx. There was no invasion of the retroperitoneum and regional lymph nodes. A biopsy was performed and showed cords and nests of cells with large cytoplasm, sometimes vacuolated, nuclei with moderate pleomorphism and clumped chromatin. Immunohistochemistry with avidin-biotin peroxidase technique showed positivity for CK, S-100 protein, CEA, vimentin and to EMA. Chordomas are a distinctly uncommon neoplasm in the first two decades of life, specially in the sacrococcygeal region. They have an aggressive behavior. Treatment of choice is complete resection.
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PMID:Sacrococcygeal chordoma in a 9-year-old boy. 858 26

We investigated the interaction between gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive (IR) elements and substance P (SP)-IR central terminals in synaptic glomeruli in lamina II of the chicken spinal cord in order to ascertain how pain information is modulated in the spinal dorsal horn. We combined the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique and the protein A-gold (PAG) technique to observe the synaptic relationship between these two components. At the light microscopic level, we observed both GABA-IR and SP-IR elements in the lamina II. GABA-IR elements were also observed in the lamina III. At the electron microscopic level, the following three GABA-IR elements formed synapses with the SP-IR central terminals in synaptic glomeruli: (1) elements which appeared to be axon terminals containing tightly-packed pleomorphic clear vesicles; (2) elements which appeared to be vesicle-containing dendrites with loosely-packed clear and dense-cored vesicles (DCVs); and (3) dendrites without synaptic vesicles. The first type of element was always presynaptic to the SP-IR central terminal. The second type was postsynaptic, presynaptic or in some cases reciprocal to the SP-IR central terminals. The third type was postsynaptic to the SP-IR central terminal. These results suggest that the SP-containing primary afferents activate GABA-containing dendrites and that the SP-containing primary afferents are inhibited presynaptically by GABA-containing neurons through axo-axonic and dendro-axonic synapses.
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PMID:Interaction between substance P-immunoreactive central terminals and gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive elements in synaptic glomeruli in the lamina II of the chicken spinal cord. 860 72

Accumulated evidence implicates immunological alterations in endometriosis. The purpose of this study was to look for variations in antibodies to distinct antigens in peritoneal fluid of women with and without endometriosis. Peritoneal fluid was aspirated from 17 women undergoing laparoscopy for tubal ligation and 37 patients complaining of symptoms of pain and/or infertility. Peritoneal fluid antibodies to a standard preparation of peritoneal fluid antigens were detected by Western blot analysis using peroxidase-labelled anti-human immunoglobulin G antibodies specific to the Fc region. Antibodies to distinct antigens were quantified by estimating the ratio of the relative optical density between samples and a standard amount of antibodies. Marked changes were found in the antibody detection to two antigens having apparent molecular weights of 22 and 18 kDa. The intensity of the antibody signal was significantly weaker in the peritoneal fluid from endometriosis patients (0.36 ± 0.06 and 0.46 ± 0.06) compared with that in women without endometriosis (0.62 ± 0.08 and 0.75 ± 0.06). It was also weaker in patients without endometriosis presenting with infertility (0.36 ± 0.07 and 0.47 ± 0.08), but only the 18 kDa antigen result was significant. After adjusting for infertility, the P values for the 18 and 22 kDa bands were 0.03 and 0.28 (not significant) respectively in the group of endometriosis patients. These changes were not related to the phase of the menstrual cycle. These data suggest an alteration in the immune response to two distinct antigens in the peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis and infertility. Further evaluation of these two antigens and their antibodies would be of interest to help understand endometriosis and its associated infertility. Keywords: antibodies/antigens/endometriosis/peritoneal fluid/Western blot analysis
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PMID:Decreased amounts of antibodies to 22 and 18 kDa antigens in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis 867 41

Previous studies have suggested that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in ascending somatosensory pathways to the thalamus. The present study examined with quantitative immunohistochemical methods the presence of glutamate in spinothalamic tract terminals of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus). Such terminals in the posterior region, in which a nucleus was recently identified as a specific pain and temperature relay in macaques and humans, were labeled by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, injected into the spinal dorsal horn. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated with a postembedding immunogold procedure using a well-characterized glutamate antiserum. Quantitative analysis of the immunogold labeling demonstrated that the spinothalamic tract terminals contained more than twice the tissue average of glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity was also found in terminals of presumed cortical origin. Presynaptic dendrites, cell bodies and non-vesicle-containing dendrites displayed low levels of glutamate-like immunoreactivity. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.69; P < 0.0001) was found between the density of synaptic vesicles and the density of gold particles in spinothalamic tract terminals, in contrast to a weak negative relationship (r = -0.28; P = 0.089) present in GABAergic presynaptic dendrites. These data provide strong evidence that the gold labeling in the spinothalamic tract terminals represents transmitter labeling, implying that glutamate is a neurotransmitter for ascending nociceptive and thermoreceptive information in primates.
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PMID:Evidence for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in spinothalamic tract terminals in the posterior region of owl monkeys. 872 Nov 53


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