Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cells of spinoreticular and spinothalamic fibrous systems of the cat brain were studied by the method of axone transmission of horse-radish peroxidase (HP). A dense accumulation of HP-labeled neurons establishing direct relations with the reticular formation and thalamus was seen in the upper segments of the spinal cord. In the lower segments these zones were confined to the medial part of the ventral horn and the intermediate zone of the gray matter. The neurons established direct connections with contralateral nuclei of the reticular formation as well as with the thalamus ipsi- and contralateral nuclei. Possible pathways of transmitting somatic and pain sensitivity are discussed.
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PMID:[Horseradish peroxidase-labeled cells as sources of the spinoreticular and spinothalamic systems of the brain]. 22 79

Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the ventral surface of the cat stomach. We investigated the number, size and distribution of HRP-positive cells in spinal ganglia. The unexpected finding was the wide distribution of these cells from T3 down to L3. This would result in a diffuse pattern of referred pain.
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PMID:Quantitative histological study of spinal afferent innervation on the ventral surface of the cat stomach by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. 44 27

The aim of this study was to describe the normal distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) containing fibres in the knee joint of the mouse and to obtain insight into the changes in innervation associated with degenerative processes in the joint. Arthrosis was induced by a single subpatellar intra-articular injection of bacterial collagenase. After decalcification in EDTA solutions, the CGRP and SP fibres were visualized by peroxidase-antiperoxidase pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for light microscopy. Control experiments on the mouse brain as a reference for the effect of EDTA on the immunostaining showed that the decalcification procedure with EDTA had not impaired the immunostaining. A rich innervation of thin varicose CGRP and SP immunoreactive fibres was found in most peri- and intra-articular tissue components. The periosteum, synovial tissues, the joint capsule and the intra-articular fat tissues were richly innervated. Less intense innervations were also found in the subchondral bone plates of the tibio-femoral joint and of the patella. Fibres were also found in the soft tissues between the patellar tendon and the femoral groove. No differences could be found between the location of CGRP and SP fibres with respect to the localization in the joint, but generally more CGRP fibres were found. The collagenase-induced osteoarthrosis was characterized by sclerosis of the subchondral bone, patellar dislocation, osteophyte formation, synovial proliferation and by severe cartilage abrasion, particularly on the medial side of the femoro-tibial joint. The overall distribution of CGRP and SP fibres was the same as in the control joints. However, major differences were found in all studied joints at specific locations around the cruciate ligaments, in the synovium around the patella, in the soft tissues lateral of the patella and in plica tissue between the patella and femoral groove. The CGRP and SP innervation was no longer detectable by immunolabelling with the antibodies. With a polyclonal antibody to the growth associated protein GAP-43/B-50, signs of degenerated axonal profiles were observed in these locations. At other peripheral locations, such as the muscles, the GAP-43/B-50 distribution was normal. In conclusion, the present study provides detailed information on the localization of CGRP and SP fibres, which may be involved in pain perception. Knowledge of the changes that occur during arthrosis may give more insight into the clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and GAP-43/B-50 immunoreactivity in the normal and arthrotic knee joint of the mouse. 128 63

Synovial tissue was obtained from 18 knees with medial compartmental osteoarthritis (OA) and from 20 knees on which a high tibial osteotomy had been performed. Neuropeptides were stained with a specific avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Comparisons were made of the incidence of staining as well as the location of staining within the synovia (medial, lateral, and suprapatellar regions). The results showed that the synovium had an extensive neural network of both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. In the medial synovium of the preoperative knees, the neuropeptides were found in abundance. An especially strong response for substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was observed at the free nerve endings. However, the postoperative incidence of SP-positive free nerve endings was reduced to 54% of the preoperative amount and the inflammation subsided in the medial region. These findings suggested that free nerve endings containing SP might be mainly involved in the inflammation and pain of OA.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical study on the effect of high tibial osteotomy on the distribution pattern of neuropeptides in the synovium of the osteoarthritic knee]. 144 24

Lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase was injected or implanted in crystalline form into various parts of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) in the cat. After varying survival periods, the animals were fixed and the mesencephalon was sectioned and incubated for HRP histochemistry. Outside PAG, labelled cells and terminal labelling were observed in the cuneiform, parabrachial and intercollicular nuclei, in the deep and intermediate gray layers of the superior colliculus, in the anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei and in the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. This study has shown that the region of PAG that is known to receive heavy ascending somatosensory input from the spinal cord and to be part of descending pain-inhibiting systems, also has reciprocal connections with other somatosensory areas of the midbrain. The results are discussed in relation to nociception and nociceptive inhibiting mechanisms.
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PMID:Reciprocal connections between the periaqueductal gray matter and other somatosensory regions of the cat midbrain: a possible mechanism of pain inhibition. 152 33

In order to provide anatomical information for a possible pathway involved in pain mechanisms, rats were injected with horseradish peroxidase wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the centralis lateralis nucleus of the thalamus (Cl) or in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFCx) from which originated retrogradely labelled cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), locus ceruleus (LC) and surrounding structures. The locations of the Cl and the PFCx injections were previously determined by the presence of evoked single neuronal responses to noxious stimulations. The present study gives evidence for ascending pathways which originated in DR and LC and project to the Cl and PFCx. LC and DR projections suggest a possible route to an ascending modulation pain system.
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PMID:Mesencephalic projections to the thalamic centralis lateralis and medial prefrontal cortex: a WGA-HRP study. 169 Oct 39

The presence of enkephalin and substance P-positive neurons and fibers were studied by immunohistochemistry (peroxidase-antiperoxidase or avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex methods) in 26 human fetuses ranging from 11 weeks of gestation to 40 weeks of gestation. Enkephalin-positive neurons were localized in the commissural, medial and intermediate subnuclei as early as 11-12 weeks' gestation. Positive enkephalin fibers were localized around 12 weeks' gestation and in many subnuclei, notably the medial, commissural, intermediate, ventrolateral, ventral and dorsolateral subnuclei. Substance P-positive neurons were localized in the commissural and medial subnuclei around gestation age 13 weeks. Positive substance P fibers appeared even earlier, around 11 weeks of gestation in many subnuclei, notably the medial, intermediate, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsolateral subnuclei. Increase in both enkephalin- and substance P-positive fibers was evident in the later stages of development (e.g. around 26 weeks of gestation). The importance of the early appearance of enkephalin and substance P neurons and fibers of the pain pathways in the major subnuclei connecting with the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory functions in the human has to be stressed.
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PMID:Development and localization of enkephalin and substance P in the nucleus of tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata of human fetuses. 169 13

Spinal afferents to the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus were studied using the following retrograde tracers: horseradish peroxidase (diluted in dimethylsulfoxide), wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, and cholera toxin subunit B. Spinal cord cells projecting to that medullary region were located predominantly in medial lamina I and lamina X. Cell labelling was moderate in the medial part of laminae II-IV and sparse throughout laminae V-VII. Labelling was predominantly ipsilateral in the dorsal horn and bilateral in laminae VII and X. After mechanical lesions of the dorsal white matter which severed most of the ipsilateral cuneate fasciculus, the numbers of superficial dorsal horn cells that were labelled from the dorsal reticular nucleus were considerably decreased caudal to the lesion, which suggests that their axons utilize mostly the cuneate fasciculus. Since the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus of the rat has a predominant population of nociceptive specific neurons, it is suggested that this spino-dorsomedullary reticular pathway is involved in pain processing.
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PMID:A spinomedullary projection terminating in the dorsal reticular nucleus of the rat. 169 58

Twenty-three perioperative tissue samples from lumbar disc operations on 11 patients were studied immunohistochemically using the sensitive avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method and specific heterologous antisera for the presence of neurofilament-positive neural elements containing nociceptive neuropeptides substance P (SP) and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Histologically, neural elements were especially abundant in the posterior longitudinal ligament, there being also a few demonstrable nerves in the peripheral anulus fibrosus. These nerves often showed a co-localization of cytoskeletal neurofilaments together with SP and/or CGRP immunoreactivity. It is suggested that pressure and chemical irritation of nociceptive nerves dependent on degenerated discs excite sensory neural elements, especially in the posterior longitudinal ligament and possibly also in the peripheral parts of the anulus fibrosus, while the disc itself, at least if not penetrated by vascular granular tissue, is painless and neuroanatomically lacks a structural basis for pain perception.
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PMID:Neuroimmunohistochemical analysis of peridiscal nociceptive neural elements. 169 99

Previous studies showed that the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) receives two major afferent inputs from 1) nucleus paragigantocellularis and 2) nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, both in the rostral medulla. Recent reports suggested that the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) projects to the rostromedial pericoerulear area and LC. Since the PAG is a major site for control of central antinociception, and since descending noradrenergic fibers have been implicated in pain modulation, we have investigated in detail the functional anatomy of projections from PAG to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. A combined anatomical and electrophysiological approach was used to assess the organization and synaptic influence of PAG on neurons in the rostromedial pericoerulear region and in LC proper. Injections of the tracer wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase encompassing LC proper and the rostromedial pericoerulear area retrogradely labeled neurons in PAG located lateral and ventrolateral to the cerebral aqueduct; injections restricted to LC proper did not consistently label PAG neurons. Deposits of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into this same region of PAG labeled axons that robustly innervated the zone rostral and medial to LC. Only sparse fibers were observed in LC proper. Consistent with these results, focal electrical stimulation of LC antidromically activated only a few PAG neurons (6 of 100); all of these driven cells were located lateral and ventrolateral to the cerebral aqueduct. The majority of neurons in the rostromedial pericoerulear area were robustly activated by single pulse stimulation of PAG. In contrast, single pulse electrical stimulation of lateral PAG produced weak to moderate synaptic activation of some LC neurons; stimulation of ventrolateral PAG produced predominant inhibition of LC discharge, perhaps through recurrent collaterals subsequent to antidromic activation of neighboring LC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PAG strongly innervates the region rostral and medial to LC, including Barrington's nucleus, but only weakly innervates LC proper. Although recent studies indicate that the dendrites of LC neurons ramify heavily and selectively in the rostromedial pericoerulear region, the results of the present physiological studies suggest that PAG preferentially targets rostromedial pericoerulear neurons rather than LC dendrites.
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PMID:Projections from the periaqueductal gray to the rostromedial pericoerulear region and nucleus locus coeruleus: anatomic and physiologic studies. 171 27


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