Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ginseng root, a traditional oriental medicine, contains more than a dozen biologically active saponins called ginsenosides, including one present in only trace amounts called ginsenoside-Rf (Rf). Previously, we showed that Rf inhibits Ca2+ channels in mammalian sensory neurons through a mechanism requiring G-proteins, whereas a variety of other ginsenosides were relatively ineffective. Since inhibition of Ca2+ channels in sensory neurons contributes to antinociception by opioids, we tested for analgesic actions of Rf. We find dose-dependent antinociception by systemic administration of Rf in mice using two separate assays of tonic pain: in the acetic acid abdominal constriction test, the ED50 was 56+/-9 mg/kg, a concentration similar to those reported for aspirin and acetaminophen in the same assay; in the tonic phase of the biphasic formalin test, the ED50 was 129+/-32 mg/kg. Rf failed to affect nociception measured in three assays of acute pain: the acute phase of the formalin test, and the thermal (49 degrees C) tail-flick and increasing-temperature (3 degrees C/min) hot-plate tests. The simplest explanation is that Rf inhibits tonic pain without affecting acute pain, but other possibilities exist. Seeking a cellular explanation for the effect, we tested whether Rf suppresses Ca2+ channels on identified nociceptors. Inhibition was seen on large, but not small, nociceptors. This is inconsistent with a selective effect on tonic pain, so it seems unlikely that Ca2+ channel inhibition on primary sensory neurons can fully explain the behavioral antinociception we have demonstrated for Rf.
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PMID:Ginsenoside Rf, a trace component of ginseng root, produces antinociception in mice. 959 2

The frequency and usage of "Yao-dui" (pair of two kinds of crude drugs, Yaku-tai used in Shang-Han-Lun, a famous formulary in traditional Chinese medicine, was examined. The best ten kinds of pairs of two crude drugs frequently mentioned in the formulary were those among five drugs contained in Guizhi-tang (Keishi-to in Japanese), which is a major formulation in Shang-Han-Lun. Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata (Sha-kanzo in Japanese) and Ramulus Cinnamomi (Keishi in Japanese) were used in pairs very frequently, which is used for the treatment of palpitation caused by Xin-yang deficiency (Shin-yo-kyo in Japanese) and usually used with Poria. Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata and Radix Paeoniae worked in pairs for the treatment of muscular spasm and pain due to Xue-deficiency-syndrome (Kekkyo in Japanese). Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata is used together with Rhizoma Zingiberis (Kankyou in Japanese) for the treatment of diarrhea accompanied with cold pain in the lower abdomen and usually used with Radix Ginseng and Aconiti Preparata. The experimental knowledge of the usage of these crude drug pairs will be useful to create a new formulation of crude drugs for modern medical treatment.
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PMID:[A pair of crude drugs used in Shang-Han-Lun, especially the ways of using roasted licorice]. 1514 67

The purpose of this study was to determine what competences in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) should be possessed by Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) graduates from technological universities in Taiwan. There were two phases in this study: focus groups and expert panel discussion. First, we held four focus groups, and interviewed 31 participants, including consumers, nursing staff and clinical nursing faculty. The interview tapes were transcribed verbatim, were proofed for accuracy and the content was analyzed. The results were then discussed by four academic experts in a panel discussion. Results indicated that the TCM competences of BSN graduates from technological universities should include the following: (1) to understand the basic concepts of TCM, including Yin/Yang, the Five Evolutive Phases, holistic view, the Five Viscera and Six Bowels, Meridians, etiology, and concepts of therapy and health preservation; (2) to recognize the cold and hot nature of food; (3) to illustrate the common dietetic care for immune enhancement in the four seasons, and the foods that help postnatal and postoperative physical regeneration; (4) to illustrate the properties, indications, and administration of common Chinese medicines, including: Ginseng, Lycium, Astragalus, Angelica sinensis (danggui), Chrysanthemum, Pinellia, Zizyphi fructus; (5) to describe the properties, indications, adverse effects, and administration of Siwutang and Shenghuatang; (6) to describe basic principles of administering both Chinese medicine and Western medicine; (7) to describe the indications and cautions of the following techniques: acupuncture, scraping therapy, and cupping; (8) to implement acupressure as a measure for promoting comfort under the following conditions: pain, vomiting, insomnia, palpitations; and (9) to demonstrate an open mind and cautious attitude to respect consumers using TCM. Results of the study can serve as a reference for nurse educators when training BSN graduates from technological universities in TCM competences.
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PMID:An investigation into competence in TCM of BSN graduates from technological universities in Taiwan. 1808 Sep 75

The root of ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been used as a traditional medicine in the far east countries since ancient times. Ginseng extracts produce analgesia among other various biologically beneficial effects. A polyacetylenic compound, (9R,10S)-epoxyheptadecan-4,6-diyn-3-one (EHD), has been isolated from ginseng extract, whose biological activity is largely unknown. Voltage-gated Na(+) channels in primary sensory neurons play important roles in pain perception. We investigated the effects of EHD on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na(+) currents in acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. EHD inhibited both Na(+) currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an equal potency (K(d) values were both 14.3 microM). The activation voltage was not affected by EHD in either type of Na(+) current. However, EHD accelerated the inactivation of both Na(+) currents and produced a hyperpolarizing shift of the steady-state inactivation curve. In addition EHD suppressed the maximal Na(+) current at negative holding potentials at which the channels are relieved from inactivation. Thus EHD appears to bind both resting and inactivated channels. The recovery from inactivation of both Na(+) currents was also slowed by EHD. EHD inhibition of TTX-S Na(+) current but not TTX-R Na(+) current was frequency-dependent. This is the first report that a polyacetylene from ginseng inhibits Na(+) currents in primary sensory neurons. EHD by inhibiting Na(+) currents may contribute to the ginseng analgesia.
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PMID:Effects of a polyacetylene from Panax ginseng on Na+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. 1816 79

Numerous studies have indicated that in cancer treatment Chinese herbal medicines in combination with chemo- or radio-therapy can be used to enhance the efficacy of and diminish the side effects and complications caused by chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines is needed by physicians and other health care providers. This review provides evidence for use of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant cancer treatment during chemo- or radio-therapy. First, Chinese herbal medicines (e.g. Astragalus, Turmeric, Ginseng, TJ-41, PHY906, Huachansu injection, and Kanglaite injection) that are commonly used by cancer patients for treating the cancer and/or reducing the toxicity induced by chemo- or radio-therapy are discussed. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that these Chinese herbal medicines possess great advantages in terms of suppressing tumor progression, increasing the sensitivity of chemo- and radio-therapeutics, improving an organism's immune system function, and lessening the damage caused by chemo- and radio-therapeutics. Second, clinical trials of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant cancer treatment are reviewed. By reducing side effects and complications during chemo- and radio-therapy, these Chinese herbal medicines have a significant effect on reducing cancer-related fatigue and pain, improving respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal side effects including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, protecting liver function, and even ameliorating the symptoms of cachexia. This review should contribute to an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment for cancer and provide useful information for the development of more effective anti-cancer drugs.
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PMID:Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment during chemo- or radio-therapy for cancer. 2124 27

Gynecomastia or benign proliferation of the male breast glandular tissue is not uncommon for adolescent males. Its pathogenesis has been attributed to a transient imbalance between estrogens and androgens. Ginseng is a popular herb with a long history of medicinal use. Oriental folk medicine describes it as both a tonic for restoring strength and a panacea. The term "ginseng" generally refers to a plant, Panax ginseng. Based on estrogen-like actions of Panax ginseng due to its structural similarity with estradiol, this agent could be speculated to cause gynecomastia. Here we report a 12-year-old Korean-Japanese boy with bilateral enlargement of the breasts with tenderness in the right breast, which was noticed about 1 month before his first visit to our outpatient clinic. He was diagnosed with gynecomastia based on physical, laboratory, and ultrasound examinations. Detailed questioning about his medications and supplements revealed that he had been given red ginseng extract daily to enhance his performance for 1 month before his clinical presentation. He wanted to make his body stronger as an athlete. He was recommended from his grandmother to take Panax ginseng for his purpose. After stopping this, there was no further growth of the masses and no pain when his right breast was pressed. In conclusion, physicians should consider ginseng in the investigation of gynecomastia.
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PMID:Panax ginseng: a newly identified cause of gynecomastia. 2300 78

Recent studies indicate that Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can play an important role in the whole course of cancer treatment such as recovery stages of post-operative, radiotherapy or chemotherapy stages instead of only terminal stage of cancer. In this review, we have summarized current evidence for using TCM as adjuvant cancer treatment in different stages of cancer lesions. Some TCMs (e.g., TJ-41, Liu-jun-zi-tang, PHY906, Coumarin, and Aescine) are capable of improving the post-operative symptoms such as fatigue, pain, appetite, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and lymphedema. Some TCMs (e.g., Ginseng, Huang-Qi, BanZhiLian, TJ-48, Huachansu injection, Shenqi fuzheng injection, and Kanglaite injection) in combination with chemo- or radio-therapy are capable of enhancing the efficacy of and diminishing the side effects and complications caused by chemo- and radiotherapy. Taken together, they have great advantages in terms of suppressing tumor progression, relieving surgery complications, increasing the sensitivity of chemo- and radio- therapeutics, improving an organism's immune system function, and lessening the damage caused by surgery, chemo- or radio-therapeutics. They have significant effects on relieving breast cancer-related lymphedema, reducing cancer-related fatigue and pain, improving radiation pneumonitis and gastrointestinal side effects, protecting liver function, and even ameliorating bone marrow suppression. This review of those medicines should contribute to an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines as an adjunctive therapy in the whole course of cancer treatment instead of only terminal stage of cancer, by providing useful information for development of more effective anti-cancer drugs and making more patients "survival with cancer" for a long time.
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PMID:The advantages of using traditional Chinese medicine as an adjunctive therapy in the whole course of cancer treatment instead of only terminal stage of cancer. 2578 6

The traditional Japanese herbal medicine hangeshashinto (HST) has beneficial effects for the treatment of oral ulcerative mucositis (OUM) in cancer patients. However, the ingredient-based mechanism that underlies its pain-relieving activity remains unknown. In the present study, to clarify the analgesic mechanism of HST on OUM-induced pain, we investigated putative HST ingredients showing antagonistic effects on Na+ channels in vitro and in vivo. A screen of 21 major ingredients using automated patch-clamp recordings in channel-expressing cells showed that [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol, two components of a Processed Ginger extract, considerably inhibited voltage-activated Na+ currents. These two ingredients inhibited the stimulant-induced release of substance P and action potential generation in cultured rat sensory neurons. A submucosal injection of a mixture of [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold in healthy rats. In a rat OUM model, OUM-induced mechanical pain was alleviated 30min after the swab application of HST despite the absence of anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory actions in the OUM area. A swab application of a mixture of [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol induced sufficient analgesia of OUM-induced mechanical or spontaneous pain when co-applied with a Ginseng extract containing abundant saponin. The Ginseng extract demonstrated an acceleration of substance permeability into the oral ulcer tissue without an analgesic effect. These findings suggest that Na+ channel blockage by gingerol/shogaol plays an essential role in HST-associated analgesia of OUM-induced pain. This pharmacological mechanism provides scientific evidence supporting the use of this herbal medicine in patients suffering from OUM-induced pain.
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PMID:[6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol, active ingredients of the traditional Japanese medicine hangeshashinto, relief oral ulcerative mucositis-induced pain via action on Na+ channels. 2804 79

Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) is a platinum-based anticancer agent used to treat various types of cancer. It frequently causes acute and chronic peripheral neuropathies, such as cold allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia. Ninjin'yoeito (NYT) is a formula used in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine to improve recovery from diseases and other medical disorders. We previously reported that treatment with a boiling-water extract of NYT prevented L-OHP-induced damage to neurite-like outgrowths from differentiated PC12 cells. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the in vivo effects of NYT on L-OHP-induced neuropathic pain in mice and identify the active ingredients in NYT. Treatment with NYT extract significantly ameliorated both cold allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by L-OHP. While L-OHP treatment suppressed neurite outgrowths from primary dorsal root ganglion cells in vitro, NYT extract blocked this suppression in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the herbal components of NYT, the extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng roots) showed a protective effect against neurite damage induced by L-OHP, and one of its active ingredients was identified as ginsenoside Rg3. Ginseng extract partially relieved L-OHP-induced neuropathic pain in mice. Our results suggest that NYT could be an attractive agent for treating L-OHP-induced neuropathic pain, and that the active ingredient of NYT may be ginseng.
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PMID:Effect of ninjin'yoeito and ginseng extracts on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathies in mice. 2869 97

Numerous studies have indicated that in cancer treatment Chinese herbal medicines in combination with chemo-, radio-, or targeted-therapy can be used to enhance the efficacy of and diminish the side effects and complications caused by these therapies. Therefore, an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines is needed by physicians and other health care providers. This review provides an update on Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment of anticancer therapeutics. First, some Chinese herbal medicines (e.g. Astragalus, Ginseng, Scutellaria barbata, TJ-41, TJ-48, PHY906, Huachansu injection, and Kanglaite injection) that are commonly used for treating the cancer and/or reducing the toxicity induced by chemo-, radio-, or targeted-therapy are discussed. These Chinese herbal medicines have been shown to possess great advantages in terms of suppressing tumor progression, increasing the sensitivity of chemo-, radio-, or targeted-therapeutics, improving an organism's immune system function, and lessening the damage caused by these therapeutics. Second, some clinical trials using Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant improving cancer treatment related side effects and complications are reviewed. Some Chinese herbal medicines have a significant effect on reducing cancer-related fatigue and pain, improving peripheral neuropathy and gastrointestinal side effects including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, decrease the incidence of bone marrow suppression, protecting anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and radiation-induced pneumonitis, and relieving EGFR-TKIs related acneiform eruptions and other side effects. This review of those medicines should contribute to an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment for cancer and provide useful information for the development of more effective anti-cancer drugs. However, rigorously designed trials on potential Chinese herbal medicine must be further examined involving cancer treatment especially molecular targeted-therapy in the future.
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PMID:An update on Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment of anticancer therapeutics. 3001 13


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