Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-six patients with cirrhosis and 75 biopsy-proved hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules underwent percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) regardless of number (up to five) and size (mean diameter, 3.6 cm) of tumoral lesions and clinical severity of cirrhosis (11 patients in Child's class C were included). Ethanol was injected under sonographic guidance through 20 to 22 gauge needles so as to obtain homogeneous hyperechogenicity of lesions. A total of 271 PEI sessions were carried out, delivering 2 to 14 ml per session. All nodules but one decreased in size, and seven were no longer appreciable on sonography. Recurrence was detected in two patients. The 3 year survival rate of all cases was 86%. Child's classes A and B patients fared better (3 yr survival 100%); 2 year survival of subjects with HCC < or = 3 cm was 92%. Multifocality did not affect survival. Most patients experienced mild pain at the site of injection, but only two major complications were encountered: partial chemical thrombosis of the left portal vein and cholangitis. Both cases were managed conservatively. In conclusion, PEI seems to offer a safe and valuable tool for therapy of HCC, especially in patients with good functional liver reserve and small (< or = 3 cm) tumors.
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PMID:Percutaneous ethanol injection under sonographic guidance of hepatocellular carcinoma in compensated and decompensated cirrhotic patients. 133 95

Ethanol was administrated intragastrically (25%, w/v) to Wistar male rats. They received 7-10 g ethanol/kg b.wt. daily in 2 fractional doses for 6 days. In 20-24 hours after the last ethanol administration behavioral and neurological signs of withdrawal syndrome and pain latent period were measured. Analgesia was determined using the tail flick and hot plate tests. Two days later systolic function of the isolated perfusing heart and creatine phosphokinase outflow were examined. Rats had longer latent pain period than in control. Heart perfusion revealed a decrease of systolic pressure, dp/dt of systolic and diastolic pressure, increase of enzyme outflow. Kendall's correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between intensity of withdrawal symptoms and analgesia index in the hot plate test (tau = +0.343, p. 0.01) and a lack of relationship in the tail flick test. There was negative relationship between the analgesia index and the indices of heart disorders. It is proposed that analgesia index can be used as a predictor of the cardiac muscle injury caused by the alcoholic abstinent syndrome.
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PMID:[The relation of abstinence analgesia to the development of cardiac disorders in the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats]. 261 81

The behavioural disturbances produced by acute exposure to ethanol have been related to changes in function of the opioid systems in the CNS. However, evidence in the literature is conflicting. The present report concerns the possible role of the enkephalinergic system in the mediation of acute ethanol effects. We used rats to study the ability of a selective opioid delta receptor antagonist (ICI 154129) to prevent the effect of ethanol on pain sensitivity, body temperature, sensorimotor performance and level of consciousness. Furthermore, in vitro receptor binding was measured to investigate whether or not ethanol, within a non-lethal concentration range, would change the binding parameters of the delta receptor ligand [3H][D-ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin. ICI 154129 did not significantly influence the effects of ethanol in the behavioural experiments. Ethanol did not significantly change the binding parameters whether saturation or competition was measured in the receptor binding experiments. Thus, there was no evidence that the enkephalinergic system mediated the acute ethanol effects.
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PMID:Evidence from behavioural and in vitro receptor binding studies that the enkephalinergic system does not mediate acute ethanol effects. 301 27

The effects of intravenously administered ethanol and morphine on pain threshold, reaction time, motor skills and short-term memory were investigated, and the ability of naloxone to reverse any changes was studied. Morphine (loading dose 0.2 mg/kg with an infusion of 0.004 mg/kg per min) and ethanol (loading dose 0.75 ml/kg with an infusion of 0.0025 ml/kg per min) produced a similar increase in pain threshold of 6.3 (s.e.m. = 1.5, n = 8) pain units and 7.7 (s.e.m. = 1.9, n = 8) pain units, respectively. Naloxone 0.015 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in pain threshold in the morphine group, but not in the ethanol group, and there was a significant difference between the groups following naloxone (P less than 0.05, t-test, 7 d.f.). Ethanol produced a significantly greater deterioration in motor skills than did morphine (P less than 0.05, t-test, 7 d.f.) and performance in both groups was improved following naloxone (P less than 0.05, t-test, 7 d.f.). There was no significant change in the other modalities studied. It is concluded that the reversal of ethanol effects by naloxone is probably due to a non-specific analeptic action rather than blockade of opioid receptors.
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PMID:Naloxone does not reverse ethanol analgesia in man. 409 68

Muscle disease associated with alcohol abuse is more common than is generally realized. The chronic painless form of alcohol myopathy is thought by some to be an atypical neuropathy. Patients with the acute painful variety have pain, swelling, tenderness, cramps and weakness in one or more muscle groups, usually after an alcoholic binge. Clinical differentiation of this form of myopathy from deep vein thrombosis can be challenging. Ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, have direct pathologic effects on skeletal muscle.
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PMID:Acute alcoholic myopathy. 673 Dec 43

Administration of oral contraceptives (OCs) is followed by the development of pathological changes in the vascular wall and in coagulation. 77 women who had used OCs were examined by the Ethanol gelification test (EGT) to reveal eventual marks of pathological intravascular coagulation. The authors found a positive correlation in 8 cases (10.4%). In a control group of 64 female blood doners who did not use OCs, no woman had a positive EGT test. In the group with a positive EGT, pain occurred in the calves more frequently and 2 women had thrombophlebitis. (author's modified)
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PMID:[Problems of the effect of peroral contraceptives on intravascular coagulation]. 715 Nov 92

Experimental evidence suggests that the introduction of analgesia prior to a painful stimulus can reduce the subsequent pain (preemptive analgesia). Using the formalin test model, previous studies have demonstrated that general volatile anesthetics reduce the pre-emptive analgesia produced by nitrous oxide administration in the rat. The present study compared the influence of halothane and ethanol on the response to formalin injection in rats previously exposed or not exposed to nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide decreased second phase licking behavior by approximately 70% from controls. Halothane decreased second phase licking by 37% from sham animals and, when administered with nitrous oxide, mitigated the suppression of licking seen with nitrous oxide alone. Ethanol reduced the licking response in both early and late phases following formalin injection. In contrast to halothane, ethanol failed to attenuate the analgesia produced by nitrous oxide administration alone. Thus, ethanol provides apparent analgesia following formalin injection and, unlike halothane, augments the preemptive analgesia produced by nitrous oxide.
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PMID:Ethanol augments pre-emptive analgesia produced by nitrous oxide in the formalin test in the rat. 787 68

Celiac plexus neurolysis is a useful analgesic technique in patients with upper abdominal cancer. Although complications are infrequent, occasionally celiac neurolysis results in paraplegia. It is hypothesized that paraplegia after celiac neurolysis results from neurolytic drug-induced spasm of lumbar segmental arteries that perfuse the spinal cord, although no data are available to support or refute the idea. Whether drugs used for celiac plexus neurolysis alter the reactivity of dogs' lumbar segmental arteries was studied in vitro. Rings of lumbar segmental arteries, suspended in Krebs-Ringer solution in organ baths, were passively stretched to the optimal point on their length-tension curve. After a 45-min rest the responsiveness of each ring was established by adding an ED50 concentration of norepinephrine to the bath. Subsequently, Krebs-Ringer solution containing a single concentration of phenol or ethanol was added. Concentrations studied included 1%, 3%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 12% phenol; and 3%, 6%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% ethanol. The magnitude of the phenol-induced contractile response was directly related to concentration, with 8%, 9% and 12% phenol, producing sustained contractile responses compared to norepinephrine-induced control contractile responses. The ethanol-induced contractile response was inversely related to concentration. Ethanol (3% and 6%) produced sustained contractile responses compared to norepinephrine-induced control contractile responses. Studies were then done to further elucidate the agonist properties of phenol and ethanol. The contractions caused by ethanol or phenol did not appear to be mediated through adrenergic, opioid, muscarinic, or serotonin receptors or sodium channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pain 1994 Feb
PMID:Altered reactivity of isolated segmental lumbar arteries of dogs following exposure to ethanol and phenol. 778 11

Thyroid adenoma is commonly associated with surgery and radiometabolic treatment; recently, according to previous successful reports, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy under sonographic guidance, has been introduced as an alternative. This technique has already been favourably used in the treatment of focal lesions, such as liver cancer and hyperparathyroidism. In our experience, we have treated with such therapy 69 patients affected by thyroid adenoma (55 females, 14 males; 28 pretoxic, 41 toxic). Ethanol (0.5-2.8 mL/mL nodular tissue) was injected, under sonographic guidance, in 4-9 sessions (1 weekly). Thyroid hormone profile was assessed during treatment and at 3 and 6 months follow-up. Apart from local transient pain in 21% sessions, two cases of pyrexia (38.5 degrees-1 day) and 3 cases of transient dysphonia, no relevant adverse effects were observed. A slight thyroid hormone increase was seen in both groups immediately following treatment. Six months after therapy a biochemical and clinical remission of hyperthyroidism was observed in 33 out of 41 toxic patients (80%); a significant increase of TSH levels was seen in both groups (p < 0.001). With follow-up, significant volume shrinkage (70-80% volume reduction--p < 0.0001) as well as structural alterations of the nodule, were consistently recorded at sonography, in both groups; a linear relationship (p < 0.0001) between pretreatment volume and volume reduction was found. At scintiscan functional activity of extranodular parenchyma was found in 75% of patients affected by pretoxic adenoma and in 63.1% of patients with toxic adenoma. These data confirm that percutaneous ethanol injection therapy is effective in obtaining functional ablation and in inducing remission of hyperthyroidism, when present; so it represents a valid and safe alternative to standard therapeutic tools of thyroid adenoma.
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PMID:[Treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma: current trends]. 833 Apr 72

Ethanol and nitrous oxide (N2O) are sometimes used in combination by recreational drug users. The subjective effects of this drug combination have not been examined, and was the basis for the present study. The effects of both drugs were examined alone and in combination. Dependent measures included mood, cognitive/psychomotor performance, and pain reports. Volunteers (N = 11) first consumed a drink containing ethanol (0, 0.25, or 0.5 g/kg), waited for 15 min, and then inhaled 100% oxygen (placebo) or 30% N2O in oxygen for 35 min. Thirty minutes into the inhalation, subjects immersed their non-dominant forearm in icy water for 3 min. Ethanol increased ratings of 'feel drug effect' and 'drunk'. N2O affected several mood ratings, impaired cognitive/psychomotor performance, and reduced pain reports. There were several instances of ethanol potentiating the effects of N2O, and instances in which the drug combination produced effects that neither drug alone did. Ethanol did not potentiate the analgesic effects of N2O. Overall, the data obtained in the study did not convincingly demonstrate that the drug combination of N2O and ethanol had a greater abuse liability than did N2O alone, at the doses that were tested.
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PMID:Effects of ethanol and nitrous oxide, alone and in combination, on mood, psychomotor performance and pain reports in healthy volunteers. 980 Jan 41


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