Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-five patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly divided into three groups. An epidural tube was inserted into one of the following three sites, Th11-12, L2-3, and caudal region. General anesthesia was then maintained with nitrous oxide-oxygen-enflurane, and pancuronium bromide. Morphine hydrochloride 2 mg in 8 ml of normal saline was administered into one of the designated epidural spaces one to two hours before the assumed end of surgery. Postoperative pain was assessed every four hours after the end of the operation until the next morning. Morphine exerted a relatively profound and prolonged analgesic effect in 40% of the Th11-12 group of patients, as well as in 6.7% of the L2-3 and caudal groups. But, supplementary analgesics were necessary in the other patients. No significant differences were found in the degree and extension of postoperative pain, as well as the doses of supplementary analgesics among the three groups. Adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting and itching, occurred in 30 to 40% of each of the morphine administered groups. Though morphine was applied into different spinal levels, this clinical study did not show any difference in extension of analgesia. The epidurally applied morphine may be distributed widely in the spinal arachnoid space after some time, and may exert an effect on the brain as well as on the spinal nerves. When morphine is administered epidurally one to two hours before the end of a surgical operation, selection of an injection site according to the dermatome level of the skin incision may be unnecessary.
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PMID:[Degree and extension of analgesic effect of morphine applied at three different spinal levels of epidural space]. 227 45

Morphine hydrochloride 0.4 mg was administered with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine intrathecally for orthopaedic surgery and produced good analgesia for about 24 h after operation in both elderly (60-80 yr) and middle-aged patients (30-50 yr). Morphine 0.2 mg (older patients only) was not as effective in preventing pain after operation, but even this dose postponed the requirement for analgesia. Morphine did not change the quality of spinal anaesthesia. In the older groups the capillary PCO2 was increased in two patients receiving morphine 0.2 mg and in one patient receiving 0.4 mg. Severe delayed respiratory depression was not noted. Urinary retention and minor voiding difficulties were the most disturbing side-effects. This complication did not appear to be dose-dependent, and also occurred in patients not receiving morphine.
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PMID:Effects of intrathecal morphine, injected with bupivacaine, on pain after orthopaedic surgery. 640 66

Rats were implanted with an intrathecal catheter aimed at the lumbar enlargement (LE). Morphine hydrochloride (240 micrograms/day) was infused continuously on the spinal cord for 14 days with an osmotic minipump delivering 0.5 microliter/h solution or a bolus dose of naltrexone (37.5, 75 or 150 micrograms) was injected intrathecally. Intrathecally infused morphine delivered on the dorsum of the LE induced analgesia, as tested on the hot plate, whereas normal saline was without effect. Naltrexone caused hyperalgesia revealed as decreased threshold for vocalization to electrical stimulation of the tail. Rats with unilaterally sectioned sciatic nerves that were continuously infused with morphine on the dorsum of the LE autotomized significantly less than saline controls. Nerve sectioned rats injected with naltrexone had an overall level of autotomy similar to saline controls. However, autotomy had a somewhat earlier onset and was more severe with naltrexone than with saline. It is therefore concluded that intrathecal infusion of opiates specifically reduces autotomy, a behavior that may occur as a result of chronic discomfort or pain following nerve injury. Furthermore, the endogenous opiate system at the spinal level may be involved in the control of autotomy.
Pain 1984 Mar
PMID:The effects of intrathecal morphine and naltrexone on autotomy in sciatic nerve sectioned rats. 654 24

Postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain were compared between laparoscopic cholecystectomy group and minilaparotomy-cholecystectomy group. All patients were women, and ranged in age from 20 to 60 years. The body mass index of the patients was less than 30, and duration of operation was within 120 minutes in both groups. All patients received general anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia. Morphine hydrochloride 4 mg was administered into epidural space before incision. No significant differences were found in the incident of nausea and vomiting among the two groups. Postoperative analgesic requirement of laparoscopic cholecystectomy group was significantly less than that of minilaparotomy-cholecystectomy group. No significant differences were found in the incidence of nausea and vomiting between the group which required postoperative analgesic drugs and the group which required no postoperative analgesic drugs. These results suggest that laparoscopic operation and postoperative pain do not influence the incidence of nausea and vomiting. Postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is less than that after minilaparotomy-cholecystectomy.
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PMID:[Postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a comparison with minilaparotomy-cholecystectomy]. 872 5

Among 35 cases with terminal home care cancer patients, 23 (65.7%) cases developed pain. Twenty of these cases (87%) were treated with morphine. MS-contin and Anpec (suppositorium) were given to the patients. The two forms were jointly administered in 20% of them. NSAIDS and other adjuvant analgesics were given to 85% of them. Average dose of morphine were 173.5 +/- 357.5 mg. Adverse morphine side effects were treated with medication. In any case morphine administration was not discontinued due to its adverse effects. Some 82% of the patients died at home. No case dropped out of home care due to unsuccessful pain management. Successful pain management is necessary to implement home terminal care, and both patient and family should fully understand the status and prognosis of the incurable disease. Moreover, medical professionals (home care doctors, home care nurses and hospital doctors) should collaborate to form the temporal, adequate and seamless networking in caring and supporting terminal patients and their families.
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PMID:[Pain management in home hospice care]. 988 36

An infusion of the aerial parts of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. (Compositae-Asteraceae) is used in Caribbean folk medicine to treat several kinds of pain. In this investigation we studied the acute oral toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the plant and the antinociceptive effect of the extract and of its hexane- and chloroform-partitioned fractions, given orally, in nociception and inflammatory models in mice. No signs of toxicity were observed for oral doses up to 5000 mg kg(-1) in mice. Morphine hydrochloride (100 mg kg(-1)), dipyrone sodium (200 mg kg(-1)), the hydroalcoholic extract (1000 mg kg(-1)), and its chloroform- and hexane-partitioned fractions (100 mg kg(-1)) significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in mice (100, 95, 47, 62 and 60% inhibition, respectively when compared with the negative control). In the hot-plate test in mice, morphine hydrochloride, the chloroform- and hexane-partitioned fractions, but not the hydroalcoholic extract, resulted in a significant latency increase in all observation times. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in mice, pretreatment of the animals with naloxone significantly reversed the analgesic effect of morphine, but not that of the hydroalcoholic extract or of its hexane- and chloroform-partitioned fractions. Finally, administration of the hexane- and chloroform-partitioned fractions (100 mg kg(-1)) had a significant anti-oedematogenic effect on carrageenan-induced oedema in mice. These data show that the hydroalcoholic extract of N. lobata and, in particular, its partitioned fractions have significant analgesic properties when assessed through these pain models. Their antinociceptive effect might be the result of interference with the inflammatory process.
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PMID:Antinociceptive effect in mice of a hydroalcoholic extract of Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. and its organic fractions. 1005 60

We examined the effects of chronic morphine treatment with regular intermittent administration in a modified chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of the rat sciatic nerve originally introduced by Bennett and Xie. A painful neuropathy was induced over the left hind limb with sciatic nerve ligation, and sham surgery was done on the opposite side in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Paw-with-drawal latency (PWL) was obtained one day before surgery (pre-op baseline) and on the fourth day after surgery (post-op) to assure the development of thermal hyperalgesia. Morphine hydrochloride (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg per day) was subcutaneously administered for 7 days to four experimental groups. The control group received normal saline rather than morphine under the same injection protocol. PWLs were evaluated on days 5, 7, 9, and 11 of the treatment. PWL decreased to 50-60% of the pre-op baseline or sham limb on the fourth day after surgery. Morphine's ability to reverse PWL appeared dose-related, and no tolerance developed during treatment with chronic intermittent administration. This may indicate that prolonged use of intermittently-administered morphine can be a feasible regimen for relief of neuropathic pain.
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PMID:Prolonged morphine treatment relieves thermal hyperalgesia in rats with sciatic nerve constriction injury. 1074 Oct 12

Using a mouse model of advanced skin cancer which has mixed nociceptive-neuropathic pain, we evaluated the analgesic effects of morphine and analgesic adjuvants. Morphine hydrochloride (10--30 mg/kg, oral) and mexiletine hydrochloride (10--30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) dose-dependently inhibited thermal hyperalgesia. Baclofen (10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) suppressed thermal hyperalgesia, without effects at lower doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg. Ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg, oral) was without effect. Analgesic tolerance was observed after 6th administration of morphine, and it was not developed until at least 7th administration of mexiletine and baclofen. This mouse model of skin cancer may be useful for the pharmacological evaluation of the effects of opioids and analgesic adjuvants on mixed nociceptive-neuropathic pain of advanced cancer.
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PMID:Pharmacological evaluation of morphine and non-opioid analgesic adjuvants in a mouse model of skin cancer pain. 1831 Sep 22

The acoustic startle response (ASR) elicited by 110 dB 10-ms pulses was studied in relation to pain sensitivity in mouse lines selectively bred for high (HA) and for low (LA) swim analgesia. The magnitudes of ASR, similarly as hot-plate latencies, differed between the lines in the rank order HA is greater than unselected controls (C) greater than LA. The animals' nociception did not change after the ASR session consisting of a sequence of 20 acoustic stimuli. Morphine hydrochloride (5 and 10 mg per kg i.p.) increased hot-plate latencies in the order of HA greater than C greater than LA, and was not effective on ASR magnitude in HA as well as in C mice. In the LA line, 10 mg per kg of morphine slightly attenuated ASR, but caused only a little analgesia. We conclude that (1) the difference in ASR between the selected lines is inversely correlated with the difference in pain sensitivity; (2) the magnitude of ASR is not altered by morphine analgesia; (3) the procedure of ASR using brief acoustic pulses is not stressful enough to elicit a form of stress analgesia. The lack of a direct relationship between the readiness to startle and pain sensation may be beneficial for an animal's survival in dangerous situations. It is beneficial when the startle to a warning signal precedes defensive behaviors and it often must be effectuated in a state of decreased nociception.
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PMID:Differential startle magnitude in mice selected for high and low swim analgesia is not related to difference in nociception. 2119 48