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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Combinations of morphine and d-amphetamine have been shown to be more effective in relieving pathological and experimental pain with fewer side effects than morphine alone. Subjective, physiological and behavioral effects of the combination were assessed in the present study to determine whether the abuse liability of the combination might also be enhanced. Single intramuscular doses of morphine and d-amphetamine alone and in combination were tested under double-blind conditions in 10 adult, male, non-dependent substance abusers. Morphine and amphetamine alone increased scores on subjective effect measures including the Morphine-Benzedrine Group (MBG) (euphoria) and liking scales. In general, the combination produced greater euphoria than that produced by either drug alone. In contrast, many physiological effects of the drugs were mutually antagonized. Thus, the combination of morphine and d-amphetamine has a greater potential to be abused because of the additive euphoria and a lessening of side effects.
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PMID:Evaluation of mixtures of morphine and d-amphetamine for subjective and physiological effects. 372 May 27

Organic calcium (Ca++) channel antagonists enhance opiate-induced analgesia and antagonize respiratory depression produced by morphine in rodents. Our preliminary data indicated that verapamil reduces the subjective effects of morphine in humans. We therefore assessed morphine-verapamil interactions in 12 experienced, male polydrug users with histories of heroin abuse by using a double-blind, cross-over study design. Treatments consisted of two drug infusions. Either verapamil, 2.5 or 10 mg, or saline was infused, 30 ml i.v. over 2 min; half way through this infusion either 10 mg of morphine or saline was infused, 3 ml i.v. over 10 sec, via a second catheter. Autonomic parameters, responsiveness to pain and subjective self-reports of mood and feeling state were measured over 4 hr. Analgesia was measured using a finger pressure test and hand immersion in ice water. Respiration was measured by using respiratory inductive plethysmography and transcutaneous CO2 levels. The Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) was used to measure the subjective effects. Morphine had a liminal effect on pain threshold, but verapamil potentiated this effect to elevate pain threshold significantly. Verapamil did not affect the ability of morphine to increase pain endurance or to produce respiratory depression. Morphine produced positive affective responses, as demonstrated by elevated scores on the Morphine-Benzedrine Group subscale of the ARCI. Verapamil alone produced no effects on any ARCI subscales; however, 10 mg of verapamil significantly reduced morphine-elevated MBG scores over a 3-hr period. The results suggest the euphorigenic and analgesic effects of opioids may be differentiated by using Ca++ channel blockers.
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PMID:Effects of verapamil on morphine-induced euphoria, analgesia and respiratory depression in humans. 826

The purposes of this study were to characterize the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of buprenorphine in nondrug-abusing volunteers and to compare and contrast the effects of equianalgesic doses of buprenorphine and morphine. Sixteen subjects without histories of opiate dependence were injected in an upper extremity vein with 0, 0.075, 0.15 or 0.3 mg/70 kg buprenorphine, or 10 mg/70 kg morphine, using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. The 0.3-mg buprenorphine dose and 10-mg morphine dose are considered to be equianalgesic and are doses commonly given for relief of postoperative pain. Buprenorphine increased scores on the Pentobarbital-Chlorpromazine-Alcohol Group scale and decreased scores on the Benzedrine Group scale of the Addiction Research Center Inventory, increased adjective checklist ratings of "nodding," "skin itchy," and "turning of stomach," and increased visual analogue scale ratings of "dizzy," "nauseous" and "sleepy." Buprenorphine (0.3 mg) in general had subjective effects of greater magnitude than that of 10 mg morphine. Buprenorphine produced impairment on five measures of psychomotor performance in a dose-related fashion. Ten mg morphine produced minimal psychomotor impairment. Both buprenorphine and morphine induced miosis, but buprenorphine (0.3 mg) had a larger and longer effect than that of 10 mg morphine. Buprenorphine, but not morphine, decreased respiration rate. The results of our study demonstrate that 0.075 to 0.3 mg buprenorphine had orderly, dose-related effects on subjective, psychomotor and physiological variables. Further, a clinically relevant dose of buprenorphine, 0.3 mg, produced a greater magnitude of subjective and psychomotor-impairing effects than did an equianalgesic dose of morphine.
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PMID:Comparing the subjective, psychomotor and physiological effects of intravenous buprenorphine and morphine in healthy volunteers. 931 25

This pilot case-control study retrospectively assessed between-groups differences in subjective opioid effects in patients treated for the first time with opioids for chronic pain. Cases were individuals in an inpatient substance abuse treatment center for primary prescription opioid addiction whose initial exposure to prescription opioids was reported for chronic pain. Controls had not developed prescription opioid addiction as measured in part by close monitoring on long-term opioid therapy at a pain management center. Twenty subjects in each group completed a battery of measures to capture data related to the individual's first exposure to prescription opioids. The Morphine Benzedrine Group subscale of an adapted 49-item Addiction Center Research Inventory (ARCI), designed to measure euphoria and other drug effects, showed an average score of 8.70 (+/-4.18) in cases versus 2.55 (+/-3.36) in controls (p<0.001), indicating a significantly greater "euphoric" effect of opioids in the cases compared to the controls. Differences in the subjective response to opioids suggest that: (1) a subgroup of patients does develop euphoria when taking opioids for pain, which may be a risk factor for eventual development of prescription opioid addiction; and (2) subjective effects predictive of eventual addiction may include stimulation and other experiences not typically associated with opioids.
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PMID:Retrospective accounts of initial subjective effects of opioids in patients treated for pain who do or do not develop opioid addiction: a pilot case-control study. 1883 39