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Salter-Harris type III and IV medial malleolar fractures (MacFarland fracture) is a joint fracture of the ankle in children. The fracture line passes through the medial part of the lower epiphyseal disk of the tibia. Prognosis is dominated by later risk of misalignment and osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of these fractures. We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 48 children with MacFarland fractures (31 boys and 17 girls), mean age at the time of trauma 11 years 6 months (range, 8-15 years). The fractures were classed into two groups according to the Salter and Harris classification for epiphyseal detachment: Salter III (30 cases) and Salter IV (18 cases). Surgical treatment was given in all cases (46 screw fixations, 2 pin fixations). Three outcome categories were used: good (no pain, no stiffness, no limp, no misalignment, no surgical complication, no healing problem), fair (pain and/or stiffness and/or limp and/or healing problem without misalignment, no surgical complication), and poor (misalignment or surgical complication). Mean follow-up was 3 years and 3 months (24-94 months). Twenty-eight children were skeletally mature at the longest follow-up. The three-month postoperative assessment showed 35 patients with good results and 13 children with fair results. Ankle stiffness was noted in 6 cases, ankle pain in 4 cases, wound healing complications in 4 cases, limp in 1 case, and snapping in 1 case. The long-term outcome was considered good for 45 patients, fair for 2 patients (1 wound adherence and 1 hypertrophic scar tissue), and poor for 1 patient (6-degree varus deformity). We did not note leg-length discrepancy or malunion at the longest follow-up. Our results show that growth arrest after MacFarland fracture is no fate. We used surgery more than is generally reported by other teams, opting for surgery as soon as the displacement was >or=1 mm. Surgical treatment was arthrotomy in all cases to achieve anatomical reduction under direct view, followed by osteosynthesis. We believe that it is difficult to evaluate if the reduction is perfect under the control of the intensifier screen alone. Arthrotomy did not lead to ankle stiffness, in any of our patients at longest follow-up.
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PMID:Salter-Harris Type III and IV medial malleolar fractures: growth arrest: is it a fate? A retrospective study of 48 cases with open reduction. 1872 2

Spasticity is a common ailment following stroke, which can cause pain, contracture, abnormal limb posture and functional limitation. Early management of post-stroke spasticity is vital to reduce these complications, and improve function and help patients become independent. We propose a therapeutic program based on applying a series of vibrations to the ankle joints at specific ankle position as well as over the range of motion using a rehabilitation robotic system to reduce the neural and muscular abnormalities associated with spasticity. We provided a 30-minute perturbation training, 3 times a week for 10 sessions for 8 stroke survivor subjects. Ankle stiffness was calculated using the hysteresis curves. Other kinematic and kinetic parameters were also used to evaluate the mechanical abnormalities. We evaluated participants before starting the therapeutic program, immediately after first session of training and after 10 sessions of training.Our results showed that all subjects had substantial improvements in stiffness, max voluntary contraction, energy loss, passive range of motion, and voluntary movement after both short- and long-term therapeutic program. Surprisingly, for most of these measures the maximum improvement obtained at short-term training. Interestingly, these improvements became persistent over the long-term training. These findings suggest that vibration therapy can be considered as an effective rehabilitation intervention to reduce neuromuscular abnormalities associated with the spasticity in stroke.
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PMID:Therapeutic effects of robotic rehabilitation on Neural and Muscular Abnormalities associated with the Spastic Ankle in Stroke Survivors. 3301 43