Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acceptability of the atrial defibrillator is partly limited by concerns about shock related anxiety and discomfort. Sedation and/or automatic cardioversion therapy during sleep may ease shock discomfort and improve patient acceptability. Three atrial cardioversion techniques were compared: patient-activated cardioversion with sedation, automatic night cardioversion with sedation, and automatic night cardioversion without sedation. Sedation was oral midazolam (15 mg). Fifteen patients aged 60 +/- 13 years were assigned each strategy randomly for three consecutive episodes of persistent atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion. Patients completed questionnaires for multiple parameters immediately and again at 24 hours postcardioversion. Atrial cardioversion strategies with oral sedation (patient-activated and automatic) significantly reduced shock recall by 77% (P < 0.005), therapy dissatisfaction by 57%-71% (P < 0.03), shock discomfort by 61%-73% (P < 0.01), shock pain by 79%-83% (P < 0.001), and shock intensity by 73%-77% (P < 0.03), compared to automatic night cardioversion without sedation (P < 0.02). Atrial shock pain was short-lived and caused little disruption to the patients' daily routines. Automatic night cardioversion without sedation, resulted in sleep disturbances not seen with the other strategies (42% vs 0%, P < 0.001) as well as concerns about future pain or discomfort. Twelve patients (80%) chose patient-activated cardioversion with sedation as their preferred treatment, and three (20%) remainder chose automatic night cardioversion with sedation. Ninety percent of patients chose automatic night cardioversion without sedation as the least acceptable therapy. Sedation significantly increases atrial shock acceptability regardless of cardioversion method. Shocks without sedation are significantly less acceptable to patients using the atrial defibrillators.
 ...
PMID:Improving the acceptability of the atrial defibrillator: patient-activated cardioversion versus automatic night cardioversion with and without sedation (ADSAS 2). 1527 Oct 9

We investigated the efficacy and safety of gabapentin in rhinoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery patients. Patients received either oral placebo or gabapentin 1200 mg 1 h before surgery. After standard premedication, 25 patients in each group received propofol, fentanyl, and local anesthesia at the operative site. Sedation was maintained by a continuous infusion of propofol adjusted according to the Ramsay scale. Sedation and pain scores were obtained at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min during surgery and 30 min and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after the procedure. Diclofenac 75 mg IM was administered as a rescue analgesic. Postoperative pain scores and intraoperative pain scores at 45 and 60 min were significantly lower in the gabapentin group. Fentanyl (122 +/- 40 microg versus 148 +/- 42 microg; P < 0.05) and diclofenac (33 +/- 53 mg versus 111 +/- 92 mg; P < 0.001) consumption was smaller and the time to first analgesic request (18 +/- 9 h versus 9 +/- 7 h; P < 0.001) was longer in the gabapentin group. A more frequent incidence of dizziness was found in the gabapentin (versus placebo) group (24% versus 4%, respectively). We conclude that gabapentin provided a significant analgesic benefit for intraoperative and postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing ambulatory rhinoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery; however, dizziness may be a handicap for ambulatory use.
 ...
PMID:The analgesic effects of gabapentin in monitored anesthesia care for ear-nose-throat surgery. 1527 9

Intrathecal (IT) clonidine is an effective analgesic, but it also produces hemodynamic depression and sedation which are likely to be related to IT clonidine's cephalad spread within the cerebrospinal fluid. We hypothesized that IT clonidine's side effects could be reduced without compromising the duration and quality of analgesia by injecting clonidine IT in a hyperbaric solution and elevating the patient's trunk. We prospectively randomized 30 elderly patients to receive IT 150 microg of either isobaric (ISO) or hyperbaric (HYPER) clonidine for postoperative analgesia after surgical repair of traumatic hip fracture. Hemodynamics, IV fluid administration, visual analog pain scores, sedation scores, and clonidine cerebrospinal fluid levels were recorded at fixed intervals. Patients in the ISO group required significantly more crystalloid fluid administration (median, 2500 mL; range, 1500-3000 mL) than those in the HYPER group (median, 1500; range, 500-3000 mL) to maintain adequate arterial blood pressure (P < 0.01). Also, the decrease in heart rate was significantly more pronounced in the ISO than in the HYPER group (P < 0.01). The duration of analgesia was significantly larger in the ISO (median, 400 min; range, 115-400 min) than in the HYPER (median, 265 min; range, 205-400 min) group (P < 0.05). Sedation scores did not differ between groups. We conclude that increasing the baricity of IT clonidine solution in the conditions of our experiment reduces hemodynamic side effects but also analgesia from IT administered clonidine.
 ...
PMID:Intrathecal clonidine for postoperative analgesia in elderly patients: the influence of baricity on hemodynamic and analgesic effects. 1528 18

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of subcutaneously administered bupivacaine, morphine and tramadol on formalin-induced inflammation were compared. 0.25 % bupivacaine in Group B, 20 mg/kg tramadol in Group T, 1 mg/kg morphine in Group M and 0.9 % NaCl in Group S in a volume of 200 micro l were injected into the right hind paw of the rats (n: 40) 15 minutes before injection of 50 micro l 5 % formalin. Sedation and pain behaviour scores, number of flinches and licking-time were recorded. The degree of dermal edema, intraneural edema, vasodilation, erythrodiapedesis, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocyte/lymphocyte and mast cell counts were analyzed histopathologically. In Group T and B, circumferential changes were lower than in Group M and S. The pain behaviour scores were significantly lower in Group T and B. The number of flinches in Group T was lower than Group B and S. The vasodilation was significant only in Group M. The dermal edema was limited to deep dermis only in Group T. Preinflammational subcutaneous tramadol infiltration can provide effective analgesia and may have anti-inflammatory effects.
 ...
PMID:The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of subcutaneous bupivacaine, morphine and tramadol in rats. 1538 6

Sedation and analgesia are central elements in the care of critically ill, mechanically-ventilated patients. The goal of analgesic therapy is to provide relief from pain and physical discomfort which may lead to poor sleep, agitation, or a stress response. Opioids, such as morphine, fentanyl, and hydromorphone, are considered first-line agents for treating pain. All of these agents are equally effective at equipotent doses and the choice of an agent depends on both drug and patient characteristics. Sedatives with amnestic properties are desirable to prevent or relieve anxiety and agitation. The benzodiazepines and propofol are the primary sedative agents used in the intensive care unit (ICU). Agents such as clonidine and haloperidol may have a role in the ICU when used concomitantly with sedatives and analgesics. An understanding of the pharmacotherapy of sedation and analgesia in the ICU will help support appropriate usage of these agents and improve patient care.
 ...
PMID:Analgesic and sedative pharmacology in the intensive care unit. 1546 May 18

To clarify the prevalence and the characteristics of patients who received palliative sedation therapy for psycho-existential suffering, a questionnaire was sent to 105 responsible physicians at all certified palliative care units in Japan. The participants were requested to report the number of patients who received continuous deep sedation for refractory psycho-existential suffering during the past year, and to provide details of the 2 most recent patients. A total of 81 physicians returned questionnaires (response rate, 80%). Twenty-nine physicians (36%) reported clinical experience in continuous deep sedation for psycho-existential suffering. The overall prevalence of continuous deep sedation was calculated as 1.0% (90 cases/8,661 total patient deaths), and a total of 46 patient histories were collected. Performance status just before sedation was 3 or 4 in 96%, and predicted survival was 3 weeks or less in 94%. The suffering requiring sedation was feeling of meaninglessness/worthlessness (61%), burden on others/dependency/inability to take care of oneself (48%), death anxiety/fear/panic (33%), wish to control the time of death by oneself (24%), and isolation/lack of social support (22%). Before sedation, intermittent sedation and specialized psychiatric, psychological, and/or religious care had been performed in 94% and 59%, respectively; 89% of 26 depressed patients had received antidepressant medications. All competent patients (n=37) expressed explicit requests for sedation, and family consent was obtained in all cases where family members were available (n=45). Palliative sedation for psycho-existential suffering was performed in exceptional cases in specialized palliative care units in Japan. The patient condition was generally very poor, and the suffering was refractory to intermittent sedation and specialized psychiatric, psychological, and/or religious care. Sedation was performed on the basis of patient and family consent. These findings suggest that palliative sedation for psycho-existential suffering could be ethically permissible in exceptional cases if the proportionality and autonomy principle is applied. More discussion about the role of palliative sedation therapy for refractory psycho-existential suffering in end-of-life care is urgently necessary.
J Pain Symptom Manage 2004 Nov
PMID:Palliative sedation to relieve psycho-existential suffering of terminally ill cancer patients. 1550 21

GPI 15715 is the first water-soluble propofol prodrug that has been studied in humans. Present propofol lipid formulations have well known undesirable properties, for example, pain on injection and increased triglyceride concentrations. We investigated whether GPI 15715 is suitable to achieve and maintain moderate sedation for 2 h. Six male and six female volunteers received a target-controlled infusion of GPI 15715, with an initial propofol target concentration of 1.8 microg/mL and the possibility to adjust the propofol target once after 1 h. Propofol concentrations, the bispectral index, and modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAA/S) scores were monitored. The median MOAA/S score was 4 during the first hour and was 3 during the second hour of infusion. The propofol target had to be changed to 2.4 microg/mL in seven volunteers and to 3.0 microg/mL in two volunteers. A propofol concentration of 1.9 microg/mL had the highest probability to result in an MOAA/S score of 3, which corresponds with moderate sedation. We observed no serious side effects. We conclude that GPI 15715 produces excellent sedation.
 ...
PMID:Sedation with GPI 15715, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, using target-controlled infusion in volunteers. 2035 59

Palliative sedation is the intentional lowering of the level of consciousness ofa patient in the last phase of life by means of the administration of sedatives. The objective of palliative sedation is to relieve severe physical or psychological suffering that is otherwise untreatable. Sedation is used in 12% of all patients dying in the Netherlands. Refractory delirium, dyspnoea or pain are the most common indications. If deep palliative sedation is used, the estimated life expectancy should be a few days to at most one week. Midazolam is used most often for continuous sedation, usually by subcutaneous infusion; if the response is insufficient, a combination of midazolam with levomepromazine or phenobarbital or monotreatment with propofol may be used. If continuous infusion is not desired or feasible, intermittent administration of midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam or chlorpromazine may be considered. Provided that it is used under the right circumstances, palliative sedation does not shorten life.
 ...
PMID:[Palliative sedation]. 1596 Jan 40

There are many side effects of opioids used for cancer and non-cancer pain, which can limit their use and vastly undermine the quality of life for patients. Sedation is a frequent and serious side effect of opioid analgesics, sometimes reported as fatigue or tiredness from patients. There are a number of specific therapies to control or manage these adverse effects, making it feasible to dose opioids to adequate analgesia with tolerable side effects. The balance between effect and side effects is the goal of chronic opioid pharmacotherapy. In particular, sedation commonly can be problematic in a patient who is taking opioids, to the extent that one may want to discontinue the medication and suffer with the pain rather than experience debilitating fatigue or sedation. When sedation clinically becomes excessive, measures should be taken to make it possible to continue treatment with analgesics with acceptable sedation management. There are many techniques to oppose sedation including simple antidotes, such as rest, exercise, and timing of opioid medications, and more complex solutions, such as opioid rotation and the use of psychostimulants or other classes of medications to counteract sedation. The treatment of opioid-induced sedation can be very effective and should be part of a skill set that the clinician can easily employ to enhance the quality of life of patients.
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2005 Aug
PMID:The management of opioid-related sedation. 1600 38

Although palliative sedation therapy is often required in terminally ill cancer patients to achieve acceptable symptom relief, empirical data supporting the ethical validity of this approach are lacking. The primary aim of this study was to systematically investigate whether empirical evidence supports the ethical validity of sedation. This was a multicenter, prospective, observational study, which was conducted by 21 specialized palliative care units in Japan. One-hundred two consecutive adult cancer patients who received continuous deep sedation were enrolled. Continuous deep sedation was defined as the continuous use of sedative medications to relieve intolerable and refractory distress by achieving almost or complete unconsciousness until death. Prior to the study, we conceptualized the ethical validity of sedation from the viewpoints of physicians' intent, proportionality, and autonomy. Sedation was performed mainly with midazolam and phenobarbital. The initial doses of midazolam and phenobarbital were 1.5 mg/hour and 20 mg/hour, respectively. Main administration routes were continuous subcutaneous infusion and continuous intravenous infusion, and no rapid intravenous injection was reported. Of 59 patients who received artificial hydration or could intake adequate fluids/foods orally before sedation, 63% received artificial hydration therapy after sedation, and in the remaining patients, artificial hydration was withheld or withdrawn due to fluid retention symptoms and/or patient wishes. Of 66 patients who were able to verbally express themselves, 95% explicitly stated that symptoms were intolerable. The etiologies of the symptoms requiring sedation were primarily related to the progression of the underlying malignancy, such as cancer cachexia and organ failure, and standard palliative treatments had failed: steroids in 68% of patients with fatigue, opioids in 95% of patients with dyspnea, antisecretion medications in 75% of patients with bronchial secretion, antipsychotic medications in 74% of patients with delirium, and opioids in all patients with pain. On the basis of the Palliative Prognostic Index, 94% of the patients were predicted to die within 3 weeks. Before sedation, 67% of the patients expressed explicit wishes for sedation. In the remaining 34 patients, previous wishes for sedation were noted in 4 patients, and in the other 30 patients, the families were involved in the decision-making process. The chief reason for patient non-involvement in the decision making was cognitive impairment. These data indicate that palliative sedation therapy performed in specialized palliative care units in Japan generally followed the principles of double effect, proportionality, and autonomy.
J Pain Symptom Manage 2005 Oct
PMID:Ethical validity of palliative sedation therapy: a multicenter, prospective, observational study conducted on specialized palliative care units in Japan. 1625 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10