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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After observations concerning the cultivation, the trade and the use of coca by the Peruvian population, several Spanish physicians--among whom MONARDES--had already in the XVIth century, proposed to use this plant as a medicine. Therapeutical experiments however were not effected until the second half of the XIXth century. In 1559 the Italian neurologist MANTEGAZZA was the first to try out the remedy on himself and to advocate the use of coca as an internal medicine. Experiments with cocaine were still made during about twenty years, until more and more therapeutical applications clearly appeared. In psychiatry cocaine was used--also on Freud's recommendation--as an euphoriant excitant in cases of melancholia, both physical and psychic exhaustion and of cachexia. It was further used as a substitution therapy for morphine-addicts. 1884 also meant a break-through for the use of cocaine as a local anesthetic. It was first used in eye-surgery and was applied later on in dentistry and in cases of minor surgery. Local pain-killing injections seems to have been used at the beginning of our century in all sorts of indications. Cocaine was also applied to cure asthma, mountain-sickness, sea-sickness, pregnancy vomiting and all possible sorts of cramping pains. Although in the last years of the XIXth century the medical literature already clearly warned against the danger of therapeutically induced cocaine mania, it is only several years after World War I that the use of cocaine pills for painful diseases of the mouth and of the upper digestion organs still appeared. Between 1880 and 1930, we may assert that cocaine had taken the place of the universal panacea of the Middle Ages, the Theriaca.
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PMID:[Cocaine: half a century of therapeutic use (1880-1930)]. 181

The purpose of this study was to compare the preferred low-back motion of normal subjects and low-back-pain patients. Each subject performed a maximum isometric flexion trial followed by repeated flexion and extension against a relative resistance set at 50% of the recorded maximum flexion isometric torque. The subjects were instructed to move at their own pace through their preferred movement range until either exhaustion or for 120s. The results showed that the groups differed significantly in their preferred motion characteristics, although the performances were equally consistent.
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PMID:A comparison of the characteristics of preferred low-back motion of normal subjects and low-back-pain patients. 183 71

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in muscle soreness and serum enzyme activity following consecutive drop jumps. Seven male subjects (mean age 30.6 years) performed drop jumps from a 80-cm box height every 7 s until exhaustion (mean = 114 drop jumps). A questionnaire was used to assess muscle soreness (0 = no pain, 7 = unbearable painful) both pre- and post-exercise (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, and 3, 4 and 5 days after the exercise). Blood samples were also taken from three subjects at each of these times. For the other four subjects, blood samples were taken pre-exercise and 0, 12 and 36 h and 5 days post-exercise only. Although there was large inter-subject variability in the development of muscle soreness, all the subjects reported muscle soreness in their lower extremity muscles, especially in the quadriceps femoris. Muscle soreness developed significantly (P less than 0.01) over time, its peak (mean +/- S.E. = 3.7 +/- 0.7) occurring 12-48 h post-exercise. Serum enzyme activity changed significantly over time (P less than 0.05), but the changes were small. Not one subject showed a large increase in creatine kinase, and the average increase was less than 1.3 times as much as the pre-exercise level throughout the period of study. These results suggest that the muscle damage that occurs after drop jumping is not associated with a large release of muscle enzymes into the blood, and muscle soreness is not necessarily related to enzyme elevation following drop jumps.
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PMID:Muscle soreness and serum enzyme activity following consecutive drop jumps. 189 57

Life-long sequential changes in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were investigated in genetically obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) fed a diabetogenic diet rich in lard and sucrose. Comparisons were made with lean littermates (Fa/-) receiving normal chow diet. At 3-month intervals, seven to nine lean and obese rats had two permanent venous catheters implanted, allowing stress- and pain-free sampling of blood before, during, and after substrate administration. Intravenous glucose, iv arginine, and oral glucose tolerance were tested. The obese rats progressively developed hyperglycemia and severe hyperinsulinemia; their basal glycemia reached 8.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter in the lean rats at 46 weeks of age; respective insulinemia was 287.7 +/- 61.9 and 18.1 +/- 2.8 mU/liter (mean +/- SD). In the obese rats a distinct loss in glucose tolerance was seen with progression of age in spite of rising stimulated insulin secretion, which suggests progressive development of insulin resistance without exhaustion of B-cell secretory capacity. Absence of insulin deficiency was also suggested by immunohistochemical staining of pancreatic tissue specimens from obese rats, which showed large populations of insulin-containing cells. Like the obese animals, lean rats exhibited a decrease in insulin sensitivity with age. Relating basal individual glycemia and insulinemia, a rise by 1 mmol/liter in glycemia was associated with a 8.8-fold rise in basal insulinemia in lean rats, but only with a 1.8-fold increase in obese rats. Similar correlations for stimulated glycemia and insulinemia suggest impaired glucose sensitivity of pancreatic B-cells in obese vs. lean rats. In conclusion, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats on a diabetogenic diet are not characterized by quantitatively deficient B-cell secretory capacity, but, rather, by impaired B-cell sensitivity to glucose with qualitatively intact regulation of glycemia and insulinemia at elevated plasma concentrations.
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PMID:Lifelong sequential changes in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in genetically obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) fed a diabetogenic diet. 198 47

The characteristic psychic and somatic features found in patients with overt hyper- or hypothyroidism are usually attributed to elevated or diminished levels, respectively, of thyroid hormones. This concept does not sufficiently explain our previous investigations in which the same symptoms, albeit attenuated, were also seen in patients suffering from so-called latent disturbances of thyroid function. This state of disorder, however, exhibits normal concentrations of peripheral thyroid hormones. Only the response of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation is in accordance with the behaviour of the overt thyroid dysfunction and enables its differentiation from the euthyroid state. In this context, we investigated the question as to whether pathologic signs in thyroid disorders are correlated to alterations of peripheral thyroid hormones or to changes in the hypothalamus pituitary axis. Therefore, we investigated two groups of ten patients each who suffered from latent hyper- or hypothyroidism, respectively, and ten euthyroid controls. All were matched from sex and age. Endocrine function was estimated by TRH testing, TT3, TT4 and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). Psychologic testing was performed by questionnaires concerning subjective somatic symptoms, emotional disturbances, psychomotoric performance, cognitive impairment and personality. Patients with latent hyperthyroidism were more subject to somatic symptoms and affective complaints than were those who had latent hypothyroidism. As compared with controls, there were significant differences in exhaustion and pain in the limbs and heart. In terms of affective complaints, patients were more depressive, anxious, touchy and irritable; their personalities showed a higher degree of emotional lability, excitement and irritability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The role of TSH psychological and somatic changes in thyroid dysfunctions]. 223 27

Eighty infants with proliferative retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were treated with peripheral retinal cryoablation. Among the serious systemic complications encountered were three instances of respiratory arrest and one of cardiorespiratory arrest. Recommendations that may help prevent these adverse systemic effects in premature infants include: (1) avoidance of excess subconjunctival anesthetic doses, (2) preoperative administration of systemic atropine to minimize the oculocardiac reflex, (3) consideration of an analgesic agent to decrease the pain and exhaustion, and (4) cardiorespiratory monitoring in a hospital setting, with an intravenous line in place, at the time of treatment.
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PMID:Systemic complications associated with retinal cryoablation for retinopathy of prematurity. 238 97

57 women were studied who were GMP patients, whose spontaneous menopause had occurred 6 to 36 months ago and who did not take any sexual hormones. Purpose of the study was to determine psychosocial influences on the time of onset of the menopause and on climacteric complaints. It was found that the overall impairment by hot flushes and pain in the limbs during this phase of life was largely independent of the studied parameters. With regard to the time of onset of the menopause there was a trend to an linear relationship between the factor "social dependence" and the age at which menopause occurred, as well as a link between that age and period intervals 5 years before cessation of menstrual bleeding. An enhanced tendency to exhaustion representing a nonspecific menopause syndrome was found particularly often in women who were highly "socially dependent". There was no relationship between climacteric complaints on the one hand and, on the other hand, experiences of loss, social stress and relief factors, partnership relations, experiences of menarche, menstruation and menopause as well as basic feeling tone; however, a depressive tone, as defined by the Giessen test, was clearly predominant in the examined population. It is concluded from these results that flushes in the early postmenopausal phase are mostly a biological phenomenon, whereas vegetative concomitant complaints are markedly dependent on psychosocial factors that correspond to a typically "feminine" role enactment as postulated by social convention.
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PMID:[Psychosocial effects of the onset of menopause and physical symptoms in early postmenopause]. 238 99

It has been suggested in the lay literature that static stretching and/or warm-up will prevent the occurrence of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of static stretching and/or warm-up on the level of pain associated with DOMS. Sixty-two healthy male and female volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups: (a) subjects who statically stretched the quadriceps muscle group before a step, (b) subjects who only performed a stepping warm-up, (c) subjects who both stretched and performed a stepping warm-up prior to a step test, and (d) subjects who only performed a step test. The step test (Asmussen, 1956) required subjects to do concentric work with their right leg and eccentric work with their left leg to voluntary exhaustion. Subjects rated their muscle soreness on a ratio scale from zero to six at 24-hour intervals for 5 days following the step test. A 4x2x2 ANOVA with repeated measures on legs and Duncan's New Multiple Range post-hoc test found no difference in peak muscle soreness among the groups doing the step test or for gender (p greater than .05). There was the expected significant difference in peak muscle soreness between eccentrically and concentrically worked legs, with the eccentrically worked leg experiencing greater muscle soreness. We concluded that static stretching and/or warm-up does not prevent DOMS resulting from exhaustive exercise.
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PMID:The effects of static stretching and warm-up on prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness. 248 63

Nine patients with primary fibromyalgia participated. The patients were studied prior to, during and immediately after 4 identical periods of exercise (bicycle ergometer) each performed 30 min after injection with saline, repeated saline, an opioid and naloxone. All substances were given epidurally, except for naloxone which was given intravenously. Finally, with the patients resting in bed, lignocaine was injected epidurally. Physiological variables, general exertion, dyspnoea, lower extremity exhaustion, pain and tender points in the lower half of the body were examined. Resting pain and tender points diminished significantly after the opioid injection. Lignocaine completely abolished resting pain and tender points. Lower extremity exhaustion was reduced by the opioid. General exertion and dyspnoea were unaffected by the opioid. In conclusion the results support the hypothesis that the pain in fibromyalgia is of peripheral nociceptive or spinal origin. We raise the hypothesis that the fatigability is, at least partly, due to inhibition because of pain.
Pain 1989 Nov
PMID:Diagnostic epidural opioid blockade in primary fibromyalgia at rest and during exercise. 259 95

The concentrations of endogenous opiates (beta-endorphin, methionine-enkephalin, leucine-enkephalin) in the spinal fluid and arterial blood plasma has been studied in 16 dogs, using the model of acute pain stimulation under electroacupuncture analgesia (EAA). It has been shown that pain stimulation under EAA is accompanied by a significant increase in methionine-enkephalin++ and leucine-enkephalin concentrations (by 244 and 69.4%, respectively) in the spinal fluid. beta-endorphin level tends to increase. There is also a trend towards the reduction in beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin concentrations in the arterial blood plasma, which is indicative of effective antinociceptive stimulation of the endogenous opiate system. However, by the end of the first hour a decrease of methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin levels in the spinal fluid was paralleled by a trend towards beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin increase and a significant leucine-enkephalin increase in arterial blood plasma, which can account for the exhaustion of the opiate system.
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PMID:[Changes in the concentration of endogenous opiates in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid during acute painful stimuli and protective electroacupuncture analgesia]. 262 35


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