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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Within 24 hours after abortion, 62 patients with a mean gestational age of 19 weeks, who had either induced (n = 50) or spontaneous (n = 12) abortions were randomly allocated to three groups: Group 1, bromocriptine 2.5 mg twice daily for 2 weeks; Group 2, placebo tablets 1 tablet twice daily for 2 weeks; Group 3, no treatment. Fifty-two patients completed the study (bromocriptine n = 18, placebo n = 18 and no treatment n = 16). Placebo had no apparent influence on breast symptoms. In both the placebo group and the untreated group, breast pain and milk secretion peaked on days 3 to 7, and milk secretion often continued for 3 weeks. Only 3/34 (9%) of untreated and placebo treated patients were free of breast symptoms. Compared with placebo, bromocriptine caused a significant reduction in the objective assessment score of breast tenderness (p less than 0.05) and milk secretion (p less than 0.01), in serum prolactin (PRL) (p less than 0.001) and in the subjective assessment score of breast pain (p less than 0.01) and milk secretion (p less than 0.01). Alleviation of breast pain and prevention of milk secretion appears to be indicated after second-trimester abortion, and treatment with bromocriptine is efficacious.
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PMID:Prevention of breast pain and milk secretion with bromocriptine after second-trimester abortion. 222 Mar 45

Activation of an endogenous opioid system has been associated with an elevation in pain threshold during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period in rats. It is well established that endogenous opiates are involved in the physiological regulation on prolactin secretion. This study examined the influence of lactation on pregnancy-induced analgesia during the early postpartum period in rats. Three tests (colorectal distension, tail-flick and hot-plate) were used to assess each animal's response to painful stimuli. After determining pregnant baseline values, one group of rats (lactating, n = 21) were mated and retested on Day 7 and 21 of gestation and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after parturition. A non-lactating group of animals (n = 14) whose pups were removed immediately after delivery was tested in the same manner. On Day 21 of gestation significantly higher thresholds and longer latencies were observed. On Day 1 and 3 in both lactating and non-lactating rats, the values were still elevated. No significant difference was observed during the early postpartum period between the two groups. This study confirms the existence, in rats, of pregnancy-induced analgesia late in pregnancy and the early postpartum period. The analgesia during the early postpartum period is not influenced by lactation.
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PMID:[Effects of lactation on pregnancy induced analgesia during the postpartum period in rats]. 225 44

1. Cysteamine is formed by degradation of coenzyme A (CoA) and causes somatostatin (SS), prolactin and noradrenaline depletion in the brain and peripheral tissues. 2. Cysteamine influences several behavioral processes, like active and passive avoidance behavior, open-field activity, kindled seizures, pain perception and SS-induced barrel rotation. 3. Cysteamine has several established (cystinosis, radioprotection, acetaminophen poisoning) and theoretical (Huntington's disease, prolactin-secreting adenomas) indications in clinical practice. 4. Pantethine is a naturally occurring compound which is metabolized to cysteamine. 5. Pantethine depletes SS, prolactin and noradrenaline with lower efficacy compared to that of cysteamine. 6. Pantethine is well tolerated by patients and has been suggested to treatment of atherosclerosis. The other possible clinical indications (alcoholism, Parkinson's disease, instead of cysteamine) are discussed.
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PMID:Preclinical and clinical studies with cysteamine and pantethine related to the central nervous system. 227 50

Thirty-six women in their second or third pregnancies were studied in two groups (control and exercise) to determine whether plasma alpha-endorphin levels could be elevated by exercise conditioning during pregnancy. Aerobic training was performed on a bicycle ergometer. Both groups were monitored throughout pregnancy by frequent gynecologic examinations. During labor, both groups of women had pain perception assessment. Blood was sampled for levels of beta-endorphin, cortisol, human growth hormone, and prolactin. Plasma beta-endorphin was found elevated compared to controls in patients who exercised throughout pregnancy. This difference was maintained throughout labor and pain perception during labor was reduced in the patients who exercised. Cortisol, human growth hormone, and prolactin levels were lowered during labor for the exercise-conditioned patients. Exercise conditioning during pregnancy seems to be beneficial in reducing pain perception during labor (as determined by measurement of visual analog pain scales) and in reducing stress levels during labor.
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PMID:Effects of physical activity on maternal plasma beta-endorphin levels and perception of labor pain. 252 37

The effect of acupuncture on sensory thresholds was studied in 6 healthy subjects. The modes of acupuncture studied were: 1. manual stimulation, 2. electrical stimulation at 2 Hz, 3. electrical stimulation at 80 Hz. Superfiscial-acupuncture was used as placebo. Insertions of needles or application of electrodes were bilateral, at St 7 (intrasegmental) or Li 4 (extrasegmental). The study showed that manual or electro-acupuncture were effective when used intrasegmentally, raising pain threshold values 1.1 to 1.4 times that prior to stimulation. The pain threshold elevation obtained was not significantly related to plasma levels of beta-endorphin, ACTH or prolactin. Other sensory thresholds, thermal, vibrotactile and electrotactile were unaffected by such conditioned stimulation. Superfiscial-acupuncture had no significant effect on the sensory thresholds tested.
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PMID:Acupuncture and sensory thresholds. 253 64

Sensibility threshold, mental health, and plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol, and prolactin levels were studied in 15 patients suffering from chronic orofacial pain or discomfort, six of them with oral lichen planus and nine with atypical facial pain. Five patients were used as controls. The results showed a difference in mental health and sensibility threshold; the mentally more disturbed had a lower sensibility threshold. The patients suffering from chronic pain were more frequently mentally disturbed than the patients in the control group and also had a lower sensibility threshold than the controls. Neither severity of pain nor mental disturbance correlated with the endocrine markers.
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PMID:Sensibility threshold, mental health, and endocrine markers in patients with chronic orofacial pain. 259 84

Fifty pre-menopausal women with severe and persistent cyclical mastalgia entered this randomised, double-blind, parallel group study comparing bromocriptine and placebo. Patients were treated for three months followed by a further three months on the same medication if treatment was satisfactory. Symptoms were assessed before treatment and after one, two and three months of treatment. For patients whose mastalgia was not controlled after three months, the treatment code was broken and either the dose of bromocriptine increased or the patient given active medication instead of placebo. Bromocriptine, compared with placebo, caused a significant (p less than 0.01) and sustained improvement in breast pain, tenderness and nodularity together with a reduction in serum prolactin levels (p less than 0.01). Adverse events were experienced by 9/23 (39 per cent) of patients taking bromocriptine and 2/22 (nine per cent) taking placebo. The majority of side effects reported were mild or moderate. This study shows that bromocriptine, at a dose of 5 mg/day for three months, effectively controls the symptoms of cyclical mastalgia with minimal side effects.
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PMID:Controlled trial of the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine (Parlodel) in the treatment of severe cyclical mastalgia. 269 51

The effect of stress during labour on the plasma concentration of prolactin and cortisol was studied in 30 healthy multiparous women. The plasma concentrations of prolactin and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay during oxytocin induced labour, spontaneous labour, delivery and postpartum 24 h. The parturients were divided into three groups. The first group was given oxytocin for the induction of labour, the second group was also given oxytocin for the induction of labour and 100 mg of meperidine was administered intramuscularly for relief of pain and anxiety, and the third group was the control group with normal parturients who did not receive any medication. The prolactin levels showed a fall during labour in all the groups, but this fall was more marked in the first group where stress was evident. The concentrations of cortisol tended to increase during labour and reached a maximum at delivery in all three groups but in the meperidine group this level was significantly lower than the first and control groups. These results give further support to the hypothesis that maternal stress leads to a reduced concentration of prolactin and increased concentration of cortisol whereas relief of pain and maternal anxiety with meperidine lessens both effects.
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PMID:Prolactin and cortisol levels during spontaneous and oxytocin induced labour and the effect of meperidine. 278 50

The effect of oral gestrinone, 2.5 mg twice weekly for 6 months, was studied in 11 women with mild or moderate endometriosis laparoscopically confirmed. The mean laparoscopic score decreased from 17.18 to 9.09 (P greater than 0.005). Painful symptoms were relieved in all patients within 2 months from start of therapy. Gonadotropins, prolactin (PRL) 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E2), estrone (E1), progesterone (P), androstenedione (A), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) remained in the follicular phase range. Total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) decreased, whereas free testosterone (FT) slightly increased. Metabolic studies showed a decrease of total triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and VLDL cholesterol, parallel to the decrease of associated apoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoprotein B increased during therapy. The results suggest that gestrinone possesses antiestrogenic, androgenic, and progestigenic effects at therapeutic dosages both by acting on central and peripheral steroid receptors. For its efficacy and good tolerance, gestrinone may be considered an option for treating endometriosis.
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PMID:Endocrine, metabolic, and clinical effects of gestrinone in women with endometriosis. 280 98

A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder occurring in a patient with type 1 multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA) is presented. The patient was a 36-year-old female who had a past history of type 1 multiple endocrine adenomatosis, namely, adenomatosis of the parathyroid gland, insulin and gastrin-producing adenomatosis of the pancreas, and prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma. She was admitted in January 1981 with the complaints of gross hematuria, pollakisuria and micturition pain lasting for about one year and a half. Cystoscopic examination revealed four solid tumors in the posterior and left lateral walls of the bladder with diffuse mucosal hyperemia. Biopsy of the tumors disclosed that they were adenocarcinoma. Clinical examinations revealed that there was no extravesical primary malignant neoplasm in this case. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion by ileal conduit was performed on January 22, 1981. Histological examination revealed that the tumor was adenocarcinoma originating from the vesical mucosa. Follow-up for over three years since the time of surgery has not shown any sign of tumor recurrence or occurrence of extravesical malignant neoplasm. In addition, 28 cases of primary adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder in Japan reported during the last 25 years are reviewed and analyzed.
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PMID:[A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder occurring in a patient with type 1 multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA)]. 286 84


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