Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of electrical currents for the treatment of disease has been considered since antiquity but it has only been in recent years that suitable devices have been available to scientific investigators to provide stimulation currents for clinical use. These devices have been used extensively for the relief of intractable pain and are an accepted treatment modality today. Other investigators have turned to the investigation of the effects of tiny currents, less than one milliampere, applied to the head. Recent investigations have been successful in the alleviation of such symptoms as insomnia, depression, and tremor. Other investigations have shown similar currents to be effective in relieving stress that accompanies withdrawal from substance abuse. In spite of these successes, resulting from scientific investigation of the effects of cranial electrical stimulation, there is still a general reluctance to use this new modality. It is the purpose of this paper to review pertinent aspects of this treatment so the health care practitioner may make judgements with respect to the safety and efficacy of cranial electrical stimulation.
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PMID:Electrical stimulation and substance abuse treatment. 388 83

Recent attention to the management of cancer pain in the mass media (TV, books, newspapers) and the medical press provides ample evidence to suggest that many cancer patients are not receiving appropriate therapy for their pain. Since cancer therapy is often not curative, only palliative, specific attention to the management of pain in such patients is essential. However, the management of cancer pain requires a specific approach and expertise. Narcotic analgesics are the mainstay of therapy in the management of such patients, yet physicians lack sufficient knowledge of narcotic pharmacology to use these drugs appropriately. Recent controversy has arisen in 3 specific aspects of narcotic drug therapy: 1) the choice of a narcotic drug and its method of administration; 2) the development of tolerance, and 3) the risk of substance abuse, drug dependence, and addiction.
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PMID:Current issues in the management of cancer pain: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. 679 Oct 24

This paper reviews the available literature on the epidemiology of drug abuse in Nigeria. Depending on the definition used, substances which are abused include antibiotics, antidiarrhoeals, laxatives, pain-relieving drugs, sedatives, amphetamines and cannabis. This review is, however, limited to studies on substances which alter behaviour or mood. These drugs include cannabis, sedative-hypnotics, amphetamines and alcohol. For some classes of drugs there has been a noticeable shift in patterns of drug abuse, for example, from abuse of methaqualone to barbiturates. The abuse of volatile solvents and other substances has also been noted. The review shows that there is no age limit among drug abusers. Studies on the influence of social class have been contradictory. Factors which indicate a predisposition to initial drug use have been similar to those reported in other cultures. Although the studies agreed on the classes of drugs abused and the changing patterns of drug abuse, there has been no uniform reporting system. This situation is attributed to financial constraints. Large-scale surveys which should incorporate most of the core items in any epidemiological study on substance abuse have been suggested.
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PMID:Drug abuse in Nigeria: a review of epidemiological studies. 698 29

This study investigated the rate of psychological impairment and stressful life events in survivors of motor vehicle accidents. Fifty-six patients who had been hospitalised because of motor-vehicle-accident-related injuries were reviewed twelve months after the accident. In this sample, 41 per cent of patients reported significant levels of psychological impairment. Patients reporting psychological disturbance were characterised by having more pain, unemployment, substance abuse, avoidance of road transport and compensation claims. Only 44 per cent of patients reporting significant psychological impairment had sought professional help for their conditions. Psychological dysfunction following motor vehicle accidents appears to be a common occurrence, and education of medical personnel and survivors is required to enhance identification and management of this problem.
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PMID:Psychological impairment following motor vehicle accidents. 778 46

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional bowel disorder diagnosed by characteristic symptoms. It is often associated with gynecologic symptoms, especially chronic pelvic pain (CPP). IBS symptoms worsen during menstruation and are correlated with increased levels of various perimenstrual symptoms. Psychosocial factors including depression, somatization, substance abuse, and childhood abuse are similar in IBS and CPP. IBS predisposes women to undergo hysterectomy and negatively influences pain improvement postoperatively. Therefore, IBS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of CPP. Collaboration between gynecologists and gastroenterologists is needed in the care of women with CPP and IBS as well as in the conduct of additional research on the relationship of these two disorders.
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PMID:Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic pelvic pain. 793 2

Battering means more than just physical assault. It means pain and injury from physical assault plus continuous psychological degradation, sustained fear, diminished power and control, and loss of identity and self-esteem. Women often feel trapped in violent relationships because of their partners' threats to kill them if they leave, and because police, medical, and social services systems often inadequately protect and help them. Battering is best understood as a continuous traumatic experience and, like many other forms of trauma, it takes a considerable psychological toll on its victims. Battered women are at risk for chronic physical and psychological health problems including PTSD, depression, chronic pain, and substance abuse. The high prevalence of battering, and its psychological and physical consequences, means that battered women present with a multitude of acute and chronic symptoms and are not easily identified. The most practical and effective way to identify battering is to routinely ask all women patients about it. Identification gives physicians a way to understand complex and confusing symptoms and an opportunity to help battered women undertake the difficult and dangerous process of leaving abusive partners. In addition, doctors, in collaboration with battered women patients and other professionals, can help develop comprehensive plans to reduce this complex public health problem.
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PMID:Psychological consequences of battering. Implications for women's health and medical practice. 796 27

Acupuncture is a treatment modality that is particularly applicable for homeless clients because of its low cost and portability as well as because of its effectiveness in treating the symptomatology of pain syndromes, substance abuse, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. A two-part descriptive study was conducted to determine the response to acupuncture of homeless persons at the Chicago Health Outreach Clinic. Part 1 of the study consisted of a retrospective chart review of 45 patients to assess acupuncture treatment effectiveness. Part 2 of the study consisted of using a numerical rating scale report form to assess treatment effectiveness of 30 patients. Part 1 of the study indicated that 51% had a positive response to treatment, 42% were indeterminate or lacked documentation of response, and 7% had no response to treatment. Part 2 of the study demonstrated that 97% had a positive response to treatment, with 3% reporting no response to treatment. Acupuncture treatment did effectively decrease the symptomatology of the homeless clients seen in the Chicago Health Outreach Acupuncture Clinic. Further research should involve follow-up of these clients to assess the length of symptom relief to further determine long-range effectiveness and cost of treatment.
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PMID:An evaluation of the treatment effectiveness of the Chicago Health Outreach Acupuncture Clinic. 819 74

In 1988, the Diagnosis-Related Group for "Medical Back Problems" was the seventh leading reason for all U.S. hospitalizations. The authors sought to describe the content of these hospitalizations and consider the potential for shifting nonsurgical care to the outpatient setting. Three complementary data sources (the 1988 National Hospital Discharge Survey, a statewide Washington hospital discharge registry, and medical records) were used to examine the diagnoses, tests, treatments, resource use, and subsequent care associated with these hospitalizations. Nationally, nonspecific back pain and herniated discs were the most common diagnoses. Nearly half the hospitalizations were for diagnostic tests (especially myelography) and the other half for pain control. In Washington state, 43% of patients were admitted by family physicians or internists, and 40% by orthopedic or neurologic surgeons. Twenty percent of patients underwent subsequent back surgery within 1 year (most within 3 months), suggesting that many hospitalizations were "presurgical." Most of the tests and treatments identified are known to be safe in the outpatient setting. Focused medical record review indicated frequent psychosocial problems or complicating factors, including obesity, substance abuse, prior back surgery, psychologic diagnoses, or lack of a caregiver at home. The findings support other evidence that many hospitalizations for "medical back problems" are unnecessary, but also suggest a need for improved outpatient and home-based alternatives to hospitalization.
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PMID:Nonsurgical hospitalization for low-back pain. Is it necessary? 823 55

The antidepressant efficacy of fluoxetine in major depression has been briefly reviewed. A brief outline of dose selection, therapeutic onset, and pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine were made. The potential use of the drug in management of various psychiatric conditions has been examined. These include obsessive-compulsive disorder and related variances, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, Tourette's syndrome, and trichotillomania. The suggested use of fluoxetine in pain relief in certain diabetics, premenstrual syndrome, and migraine headache were assessed. The reports on the use of fluoxetine in panic disorders, paraphilias, and related conditions and in the management of substance abuse, alcoholism, and cocaine abuse, were summarized and elaborated upon. A composite of preliminary reports cited in literature pertinent to the potential of fluoxetine in treatment of abusing injurious behavior, dysthymic disorder, fibrositis, postanoxicaction myoclonus, pathologic jealously, personality disorder, pseudobulbar affect, and social phobia were also reviewed. Fluoxetine pharmacological profile may be extended to cover a relative wide range of application, provided future controlled studies confirm the preliminary data found in the literature.
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PMID:Fluoxetine: a spectrum of clinical applications and postulates of underlying mechanisms. 830 48

Over a 3-year period 17 people were admitted for intentionally self-inflicted burns. The mean total body surface area burn was 29.5%, and 59% of the patients sustained an inhalation injury. Two patients died from their injuries (one male and one female). The method most often used (59%) was a flammable liquid ignited by a flame. Of those patients, 50% used gasoline. Fifty-nine percent of the patients were current substance abusers, with alcohol (80%) being the favored drug. Aside from substance abuse, psychiatric abnormalities were present in 53% of the patients. Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorders was the primary psychiatric diagnosis (44%), with most patients having undergone previous psychiatric treatment. All had diagnosed disorders (using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III--Revised) including substance abuse and/or other psychiatric disorders. Actual stated suicidal intent was present in 41% of the cases, and another 41% were irrational attempts to escape from or control emotional pain.
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PMID:Self-inflicted burns. 840 79


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