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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

White rats were immunized against fragment of diazepam-binding inhibitor octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) with conjugate ODN bovine serum albumin. This rats have reduced reactions of fear and anxiety in stress model of "open field" and in conflict Vogel test; their pain sensitivity ("tail flick" test) was lowered. The number and intensity of generalized seizure reactions after injection of pentylenetetrazole were decreased. The results show that active immunization to endogenous ODN has stress--protective and anti-seizure effects.
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PMID:[Increase of seizure threshold and resistance to stress in rats after immunization against fragment of diazepam-binding inhibitor]. 142 Dec 24

Vital depersonalization was observed in 59 out of 76 schizophrenic patients with the prevalence of depersonalization. Three interrelated components of vital depersonalization were distinguished. The main depersonalization component proper was manifested by the experience of estrangement and unreality of the feeling of existence ("self"). The second, affective one, was marked by vital fear and anxiety. The third one involved common sense disorders and was characterized by vital bodily sensations. Vital depersonalization had all the principal signs of depersonalization. However, it differed from the allo-, somato- and autotypes of depersonalization in disorders of the vital level: similarity to physical sensations, pain and vagueness. Vital depersonalization may be viewed as pathology of the first level of selfawareness--selfsence of awareness of vital ego or of body perception.
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PMID:[Clinical characteristics of vital depersonalization in schizophrenia]. 166 92

Music, as an aesthetic and symbolic medium, has the ability to dispel much of the fear and anxiety associated with facing the unknown alone. As such it is an ideal support for patients undergoing surgery where a non-general anaesthetic is administered. However, it is important to consider whether, from the patient's perspective, the inclusion of music in such a situation is considered to be helpful. A pilot study conducted at an acute hospital involved interviewing 25 patients who, through an attitudinal scale and their interview responses, revealed positive support for the music that they listened to during their operation. Their remarks focused on the ability of the music, as a familiar personal and cultural medium, to ease their anxiety, to act as a distractor and to increase their threshold of pain. From a nursing perspective, such an application of music as therapy to reduce fear and anxiety may be viewed as being highly relevant to the work of the anaesthetic nurse, with regard to a more individualized and holistic approach to patient care.
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PMID:Patients' perceptions of music during surgery. 222 3

In a group of 25 patients divided at random into subgroups anaesthetized by neuroleptoanalgesia or ataralgesia resp. on account of arthroscopy, the authors assessed the state of mental functions--perception, memory before, and after operation, emotional make-up, affectivity, cognitive functions and some personality parameters. By means of an algometer and the cuff of a manometer they assessed the threshold of pressure and ischemic pressure pain. They found that in no instance intraoperative experience appeared, the threshold of nociceptive pressure perception was considerably reduced after operation in both groups. The threshold of ischemic pressure pain was significantly reduced only in the group with Hb greater than 150 and Le greater than 8.0, anaesthetized by neuroleptanalgesia. A significant increase of the depressivity (5%) was recorded in the group with combined neuroleptoanalgesia. Dysphoria and emotional indifference increased (5%) in the group with neuroleptanalgesia. Within 2-4 hours after termination of anaesthesia significant consolidation of long-term memory occurred, whereby short-term memory did not display any changes in either group i.e. regardless of the type of anaesthesia. Attention was significantly improved after both types of anaesthesia, but more markedly after neuroleptanalgesia. In the group with combined neuroleptanalgesia sensory and neurasthenic complaints improved (5%). The degree of experienced fear and anxiety in conjunction with the operation as well other psychic parameters before operation were equal in both groups and the groups were thus equivalent. In relation to the plasma cortisol level (degree of preoperative stress) there was a close correlation between the emotional lability on the one hand and maladaptation on the other. The degree of preoperative stress created a close correlation between fear and maladaptation on the one hand and frightening experience on the other.
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PMID:[Nociception and mental functions after combined neuroleptanalgesia]. 234 49

Pain is a multidimensional, complex experience. Critically ill patients are particularly vulnerable to pain. Patients in a critical care environment often have difficulty communicating their pain, and their pain may be aggravated by fear and anxiety. Indeed, their response to pain may compromise recovery. Although the significance of pain has been cited in literature, there is a dearth of research regarding pain in the critically ill. Such future research, as well as practice interventions, should be based on an understanding of pain psychophysiology. This article presents an in-depth review of pain mechanisms, including a discussion of pain modulation by the endogenous opioid system. Also reviewed are various pain theories contributing to our knowledge of pain. Finally, methods of pain measurement and treatment are outlined, and their appropriateness to critical care is evaluated. Although knowledge about pain mechanisms, measurement, and therapies has expanded, many issues remain unexplained. This article poses questions regarding pain in critically ill patients and presents specific areas for future nursing research.
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PMID:The phenomenon of pain and critical care nursing. 245 5

Dental patients are generally in good health, the procedures are often short, and it is fear and anxiety about pain rather than the nature of the procedure that dictates the use of sedation or general anaesthesia. Indications and contra-indications for sedation, appropriate agents and techniques, and facilities and personnel needed for managing and monitoring patients are discussed. Safe and effective use of sedation in combination with local anaesthesia is a realistic alternative to general anaesthesia for many outpatient procedures.
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PMID:Sedation as an alternative to general anaesthesia. 305 44

Whereas pain is an important factor that brings the patient to the dental office, fear and anxiety about pain are common reasons for patients to delay or avoid dental care. The relation between anxiety and pain is discussed in view of recent neuroanatomical and pharmacological findings obtained through modern research techniques, including positron emission tomography. Mechanisms behind sedation induced by the benzodiazepines and through psychological management of the apprehensive patient are discussed. It is concluded that the optimal quality of treatment may be obtained through the combined use of pharmacological and psychological treatment modalities.
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PMID:Anxiety, pain and sedation: some psychiatric aspects. 305 47

Pain threshold was measured using a simple pressure algometer in 190 subjects. The measurement had a highly acceptable intra-observer error. Significantly lower pain thresholds were observed in all of the five areas of the body studied in females. The most sensitive area was the forehead. There was a higher pain threshold in the dominant hand. Anxiety and fear of pain significantly reduced the threshold.
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PMID:Evaluation of pain threshold using a simple pressure algometer. 344 2

This article asserts that pharmacologic usage can be reduced by understanding that pain is composed of somatic, affective, and cognitive elements; the dentist should be assertive in addressing and dealing with the emotional and psychological aspects of the anxious and fearful patient. The dentist can measure levels of anxiety and fear through self-report and records of dental care; an easily administered test of dental anxiety, such as the Dental Anxiety Scale; and a structured interview in a nonoperatory setting. For those patients exhibiting a moderate amount of anxiety, attention to basic aspects of good clinic care should be sufficient. For those patients manifesting a high level of anxiety, a treatment program implemented by a dental clinical assistant is outlined and recommended. The treatment program is intended to increase patient relaxation, positive cognitive coping statements, sensory information, sense of control, and confidence in handling the dental procedures. At any level of anxiety, it is recommended that patients be abundantly praised for any element of success in dealing with the stress of their dental experience. Lastly, for those patients who do not respond to treatment efforts to reduce anxiety, it is recommended that the dentist establish a regular consultation with a psychologist who is an expert in treating dental fear and anxiety.
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PMID:Psychologic interventions for the anxious dental patient. 348 20

Chronic pain is often difficult to explain on the basis of objective findings. Various theoretical models are available. The hypothesis advanced here is that chronic nonprogressive pain is primarily a neuropsychologic event and that it is in the same category as the emotions of anxiety and depression, with each emotional state having neurochemical correlates now achieving some definition. General systems theory and analogy are used to compare acute and chronic pain with the phenomena of fear and anxiety and also with grief and depression.
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PMID:Chronic pain as a third pathologic emotion. 614 Aug 66


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