Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anti-inflammatory activity of 2-[p-(2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl) phenyl]propionic acid (Y-9213, miroprofen) was studied on various experimental models. Miroprofen was found to be as active as indomethacin against the exudative inflammation such as pleuritis in rats induced by Evans blue-carrageenin and the peritonitis in mice induced by acetic acid, and against the local Shwartzman reaction in rabbits. Miroprofen also inhibited the formation of edema induced by carrageenin or kaolin in rats' paws at lower doses. Against the proliferation of connective tissues, miroprofen showed the inhibitory action at higher doses. The ulcerogenic activity of miroprofen in rats was less potent than that of indomethacin, and as active as that of phenylbutazone. These findings indicate that miroprofen may be more effective in suppressing pain responses and acute inflammation accompanied with increased vascular permeability.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory activity of an imidazopyridine derivative (miroprofen). 719 60

The problem of chronic instability of lateral ankle ligaments has been approached with both conservative and surgical measures. Many operative procedures have been devised to correct this problem, and of these the Watson-Jones, modified Elmslie and Evans procedures are the most commonly used in our community. This paper was designed to: 1) compare the results of the three procedures; 2) investigate subtalar motion in a population of uninjured ankles; and 3) compare these results to subtalar motion in ankles after lateral ligament reconstruction. We found that each of the three procedures had a surprisingly high incidence of postoperative pain. All procedures had a high rate of return to preinjury activity level, and the majority of the patients were satisfied with the results of the operation. Postoperatively, the Watson-Jones repair exhibited the highest percentage of subjective instability. Twenty-four per cent of the Watson-Jones repairs had a postoperative talar tilt greater than 5 degrees. It was determined that subtalar motion was affected by the type of reconstructive procedure, and although this fact had been theorized in the literature, it had not been documented by objective data.
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PMID:Investigation of lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. 734 61

Pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed with 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg per day naloxone from gestational day 7 (GD7) through GD20. The control groups included both uninjected animals and injected animals pairfed to the 10-mg dose animals. At birth, all litters were culled to four males and four females, and fostered to undosed surrogate dams. Prenatal naloxone exposure produced changes in body weight development, pain sensitivity, and motor behavior in the offspring. Five and 10 mg/kg naloxone increased adult body weights in females only, as did the pairfeeding condition. The 10 mg/kg naloxone altered pain sensitivity (in males only) as measured by the tail flick test. Animals in the 1 mg/kg dose condition habituated more rapidly than uninjected (UN) subjects in the open field, and showed less activity than UNs as they matured. Bar pressing rates were reduced in the 10 mg/kg dose males in a visual discrimination task, while 10 mg/kg males and females showed reduced bar pressing rates on differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL). These findings confirm that prenatal exposure to naloxone alters some aspects of neurobehavioral development in the rat, and are consistent with the hypothesis that 1 mg/kg prenatally may increase opiate function in offspring, while 10 mg/kg prenatally may decrease opiate functioning in the offspring.
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PMID:Behavioral and developmental changes associated with prenatal opiate receptor blockade. 761 67

Between 1984 and 1989, 108 patients who had chronic lateral instability of the ankle were treated with a modified Evans tenodesis, in which the anterior half of the peroneus brevis tendon was used for reconstruction. Follow up was possible by questionnaire in 75 patients and by clinical examination in 46, after 29-122 months (mean 68 months). Subjectively excellent or good results were achieved in 62 patients (82.6%) while 9 (12%) had fair results and 4 (5.4%) a poor outcome. Pain during physical activity was reported by 27 patients (35%), loss of inversion by 34 (45%) and slight instability by 31 (41%). The X-ray films at follow-up revealed more signs of arthrosis than had been present preoperatively. The stress tests showed an anterior drawer of 7.8 mm preoperatively and 7.0 mm postoperatively (p = 0.03); talar tilt was improved from 7.7 degrees to 4.5 degrees (p < or = 0.01). The outcome reported by the patients and the objective results of the clinical and radiological examinations were at odds. Pain, instability and osteophyte formation after the operation were so frequent because the talus was not fixed when the Evans reconstruction was implemented. Therefore, we suggest that this method should not be used in patients with a high activity level.
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PMID:[Clinical and roentgenologic 5 year follow-up of modified Evans-plasty in chronic lateral instability of the ankle joint]. 764 19

Thirty-one severe, symptomatic valgus deformities of the hindfoot in twenty children who had flatfoot (twenty-five feet) or skewfoot (six feet) were corrected with a modification of the calcaneal lengthening osteotomy described by Evans. Despite prolonged non-operative treatment, all patients had pain, a callus, ulceration, or a combination of these signs and symptoms under the head of the plantar flexed talus; they could not tolerate a brace, and shoe wear was excessive. Twenty-six of the deformities were secondary to an underlying neuromuscular disorder. The calcaneal lengthening was combined with an opening-wedge osteotomy of the medial cuneiform to correct the deformities of both the hindfoot and the forefoot in the patients who had a skewfoot. Other concurrent osseous and soft-tissue procedures were frequently performed in the flatfeet and skewfeet to correct adjacent deformities or to balance the muscle forces. Allograft bone was used in twenty-four feet and autogenous bone, in seven. The patients ranged in age from four years and seven months to sixteen years at the time of the operation. The duration of follow-up ranged from two years to three years and seven months after the operation. Satisfactory clinical and radiographic correction of all components of the deformity of the hindfoot was achieved in all but the two most severely deformed feet. These two feet had sufficient correction to eliminate the symptoms despite a small persistent callus under the head of the talus. The pain and callus were eliminated in all of the other feet, the patients were able to tolerate a brace, and shoe wear was improved. Subtalar motion was preserved in all feet except for the four that had had a limited joint arthrodesis performed previously or simultaneously for pre-existing degenerative osteoarthrosis. Calcaneal lengthening is effective for the correction of severe, intractably symptomatic valgus deformities of the hindfoot in children. My patients had resolution of the signs and symptoms associated with the deformity while avoiding the need for an arthrodesis and the many short and long-term complications associated with it.
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PMID:Calcaneal lengthening for valgus deformity of the hindfoot. Results in children who had severe, symptomatic flatfoot and skewfoot. 771 66

We followed 38 patients with chronic ankle instability treated by a modified Evans procedure. Evaluation at an average of 68 months follow-up included a standard clinical questionnaire and examination, radiological procedures, and gait analysis. Plantar pressure distribution measurements were recorded during walking and were compared with data from a group of normal subjects (N = 100). The subjective patient questionnaire revealed 87% good or excellent results, but residual pain was reported by 40% of the patients. The gait analysis indicated a significant increase in midfoot loading (22%) consistent with an observed restriction of inversion after surgery. However, the plantar pressure changes were not associated with poor clinical outcome. We cannot say whether these increased pressures will be associated with long-term outcome.
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PMID:Gait pattern analysis after ankle ligament reconstruction (modified Evans procedure). 782 Feb 39

Ultrasonic vocalizations may be an expression of the affective pain response in laboratory rodents. The present experiment compared morphine's effects on high (33-60 kHz) and low (20-32 kHz) frequency ultrasonic vocalizations to its effects on a range of unconditioned behavioral responses to aversive stimuli; the influence of estrous cyclicity on morphine sensitivity was also investigated. In experiment 1, naive female Long-Evans rats, selected during estrus or diestrus, received cumulative morphine (1, 3, 6, 10 mg/kg SC) or saline, and in experiment 2, rats were pretreated with naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg IP) 5 min before morphine (17, 30, 60, 100 mg/kg SC). The following endopoints were measured 20-25 min post-injection: (1) tail flick latency; (2) ultrasonic and audible vocalizations; (3) the behavioral response to aggressive attack; and (4) locomotor activity. Following a brief exposure to an attack, rats were threatened by an aggressor but protected from further attack by a wire mesh cage (30 x 21.5 x 20 cm), thereby allowing for continued behavioral and vocal measurement without the risk of physical injury; video and audio recordings were made of the attack encounter and a subset of the protected encounter (1 min). The endpoint most potently and specifically modulated by morphine was high frequency ultrasounds. The rate of high frequency calling varied as a function of the estrous cycle, supporting gonadal hormone modulation of ultrasonic vocalizations. Low frequency ultrasounds, by contrast, were relatively insensitive to opiate manipulation and were less influenced by estrous cyclicity. High frequency vocalizations may be a more sensitive indication of the affective response to an attacking conspecific that low frequency calls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ultrasounds emitted by female rats during agonistic interactions: effects of morphine and naltrexone. 785 2

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in rats may communicate "affective" states during pain, sex and aggression. This proposal was evaluated in an experiment with adult male Long-Evans rats during agonistic encounters; specifically, morphine and naltrexone effects were studied on different types of USV by intruder rats exposed to resident attacks and to "threat of attacks" (i.e., intruder residing within the home cage of the resident but prevented from physical contact by a wire mesh cage). Intruders readily emitted USV during agonistic encounters. These calls consisted primarily of two distinct distributions of pure tone whistles: 0.3-3 s, 19-32 kHz ("low") calls and 0.02-0.3 s, 32-64 kHz ("high") calls. Sonographic analysis revealed a considerable repertoire of frequency modulated calls. Different types of vocalizations proved to be differentially sensitive to the opiate treatments: morphine (1-10 mg/kg SC) dose-dependently decreased the rate, duration and pitch of both low and high frequency USV during the threat of attack; this decrease in rate and duration measures was naltrexone-reversible (0.1 mg/kg IP). Interestingly, audible vocalizations were also emitted but were unaffected by morphine in this dose range. Concomitant with the decrease in USV after morphine was a dose-dependent decrease in rearing, walking and nasal contact behavior with increases in submissive crouch behavior and tail flick analgesia. The decreases in rate and duration of both low and high USV and the pitch of specific frequency modulated calls after morphine administration may reflect an attenuation of affective aspects of pain, and the many characteristics of US (rate, duration, pitch, frequency modulation, pre-and suffix attributes and temporal structure) point to potentially diverse functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Morphine attenuates ultrasonic vocalization during agonistic encounters in adult male rats. 787 Sep 76

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in rats may communicate "affective" states, as they occur only in highly significant behavioral contexts such as during sex, aggression, exposure to painful or startling events. This proposal was evaluated in an experiment with adult male Long-Evans rats during agonistic encounters; specifically, the effects of diazepam, flumazenil and gepirone were studied on different types of USV emitted by intruder rats exposed to resident attacks and to "threat of attacks" (i.e., intruder protected within the home cage of the resident by a wire mesh cage). USV were readily emitted during agonistic encounters and consisted primarily of two distributions of pure tone whistles: 0.3- to 3-s, 20- to 32-kHz ("low") signals and 0.02- to 0.3-s, 32- to 64-kHz ("high") signals. A considerable repertoire of frequency modulated signals was observed and proved to be sensitive to the anxiolytic treatments. Diazepam (1-6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased high frequency USV during the threat of attack and decreased the mean pitch of the most predominant vocalizations but did not affect low frequency USV or the audible squeals (AS) in response to bites. Gepirone (0.3-6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased low frequency USV and did not affect high frequency USV or AS. Responses to thermal pain stimuli remained unaltered by all drugs, while walking duration was decreased and crouch postures were increased after diazepam but not after gepirone administration. Gepirone in the present dose range had minimal effects on submissive, exploratory and locomotor behaviors. The pattern of results is consistent with the proposal that low frequency USV reflect a heightened affective state which is ameliorated with 5HT1A but not benzodiazepine anxiolytics, and suggests that the suppression of high frequency USV in reaction to attacks or threats coincides with the sedative or muscle relaxant properties of these compounds.
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PMID:Diazepam and gepirone selectively attenuate either 20-32 or 32-64 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations during aggressive encounters. 787 Oct 11

To investigate whether ATP participates in spinal nociceptive transmission, effects of intrathecally applied P2-purinoceptor antagonists and agonists in the tail-flick and the formalin test were studied in rats. In the tail-flick assay, the P2 antagonists suramin (12-120 micrograms), Evans blue (0.1-10 micrograms), Trypan blue (1-30 micrograms) and Reactive blue 2 (1-30 micrograms) but not pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS; 0.03-30 micrograms) caused moderate antinociception up to a doubling of the response latency. In contrast, the P2 agonists alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-mATP, 0.3-30 micrograms) and 2-methylthio-ATP (3-30 micrograms) decreased the tail-flick latency by up to about 50%. When co-injected with alpha,beta-mATP, suramin (120 micrograms) or Evans blue (10 micrograms) prevented the effect of alpha,beta-mATP 3 micrograms but not of alpha,beta-mATP 30 micrograms. In the formalin test, pretreatment with suramin (3-90 micrograms) 60 min prior to testing caused significant antinociception by decreasing the weighted pain intensity score by up to about 80%. alpha,beta-mATP (30 micrograms), applied 30 min prior to testing, was without effect. The results indicate that endogenous ATP, acting through P2-purinoceptors, may contribute to nociceptive information processing in the spinal cord.
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PMID:Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered P2-purinoceptor antagonists in rats. 788 28


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