Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical suitability of conventional glyceromonooctanoin (GMOC) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containing solvents for the dissolution of common bile duct stones is questionable. To improve the solvent-stone contact and the miscibility with bile, GMOC was hydrophilized by the addition of polyethyleneglycol-caprylglyceride, polyethyleneglycol-sorbitan-etheroleyl-ester, and polyethyleneglycol-sorbitanlauryl-ester (PEG-GMOC). This product was mixed with a bile acid-EDTA (BA-EDTA) solution in a ratio of 1:2 (v/v) for cholesterol solubilizing and calcium complexing capacities. To determine clinical efficiency, the new solvent was infused via a nasobiliary tube in 16 patients with endoscopically nonextractable common bile duct stones and compared with a group of 16 patients treated with an alternating GMOC/BA-EDTA regimen. Continuous perfusion with PEG-GMOC-BA-EDTA led to a total (12 patients) or partial (3 patients) disappearance of the stones within 2-15 days. Similarly, alternating GMOC and BA-EDTA treatment dissolved the stones in 12 patients. The average volume of PEG-GMOC-BA-EDTA infused contained only 27% of the GMOC applied during the alternating therapeutic regime. This reduction of the GMOC dose was associated with a significant reduction of adverse effects such as emesis, diarrhea and biliary pain. We concluded that GMOC is equally efficient in the new hydrophilized form but it is clearly superior as far as side effects are concerned. In all, this supports its clinical suitability for the dissolution treatment of common bile duct stones.
 ...
PMID:Dissolution of bile duct stones by a hydrophilized glyceromonooctanoin-bile-acid-EDTA emulsion. 190 80

While there have been 5 cases of intraventricular arachnoid cyst published in the literature, the occurrence in the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle has not been reported. We report a case of intraventricular arachnoid cyst of the anterior horn causing attacks of orbital pain. A 30-year-old man was admitted with frequent attacks of orbital pain on his right side. Neurological examination revealed no abnormality. Plain CT showed a cystic dilatation of the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle, and enhanced CT showed a deviation of the septal veins to the left side. T1-weighted MRI demonstrated a low-intensity mass in the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle, and T2-weighted image demonstrated the mass as having high intensity. PEG in the sitting position showed no filling of air into the right lateral ventricle due to obstruction of the right foramen of Monro. The patient underwent an operation under a diagnosis of intraventricular benign cyst. The cyst wall was subtotally removed and the right foramen of Monro was opened. Histological examination of the specimen showed an arachnoid membrane with prolific collagen fibers. From an embryological point of view, the arachnoid membrane is derived from the arachnoid cell. We think intraventricular arachnoid cysts to originate from the remnants of the arachnoid cell on the tela choroidea or on the choroid plexus like intraventricular meningiomas.
 ...
PMID:[Intraventricular arachnoid cyst appearing with attacks of orbital pain: case report and review of the literature]. 221 71

Three unrelated girls presented with a developmental syndrome of hypertrophy involving half or a quadrant of the body and not involving the face. The appearance was one of inappropriately large size of the affected side rather than contralateral atrophy. On the larger side, there was hypertrophy of muscle and increased power as well as an increase in diameter, but not in length, of long bones. There was areflexia and decreased pain and temperature sensation on that side. The patients also had progressive scoliosis and foot deformities on the enlarged side. One patient had a lumbar myelomeningocoele , and all 3 had a family history of neural tube closure defects. EMG, nerve conduction studies, EEG, skull x-rays, PEG, and cerebral CT scans were normal. Myelography did not demonstrate an enlarged cord, and in particular there was no evidence for syringomyelia. Chromosome studies revealed normal karyotypes. Sex chromatin was female on both sides in one patient. A defect of the dorsal lip of the neural tube or the neural crest is postulated to explain the abnormality. The association with closure defect in one patient and a positive family history of other neural tube defects in all 3 patients suggests that the developmental defect occurs at an early embryonic stage. Recognition of the syndrome is important. It can be distinguished clinically from hemiatrophy of cerebral origin. The neurological abnormalities are static, but the scoliosis is progressive and requires correction. The condition is associated with an increased prevalence of neural tube closure defects in the family, and forms part of a spectrum of genetically and embryologically related CNS malformations with multifactorial inheritance. Probands, parents, siblings and parents' siblings should be counselled that the risks of spina bifida and anencephaly in their offspring are the same as those in relatives of probands with classical neural tube defects, and should be offered prenatal diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:The hemi 3 syndrome. Hemihypertrophy, hemihypaesthesia, hemiareflexia and scoliosis. 672 16

In adult cases with Crohn's disease, treatment of both the disease and patients' social lives is required for therapeutic regimens. Therefore, we assessed the safety and effectiveness of home enteral nutrition using PEG in patients with adult Crohn's disease. Five patients who were diagnosed with Crohn's disease undergoing a domiciliary treatment with enteral nutrition using PEG in The Jikei University School of Medicine and related institutions from May, 1994, to July, 1998, were the subjects of this study. All patients were relieved of symptoms and returned to work, one of whom relapsed two years later to undergo reoperation. Improvements of nutritional status and almost complete disappearance of inflammatory response were found in all patients. As for PEG-related complications, there was one case complicated with wound infection at an early time, and late complications, included two cases with abnormal granulation and one case with pain in ambient PEG. However, neither major complications nor complications that hindered everyday living were observed. Results of a questionnaire relating to this regimen showed almost complete well-being, though there were complaints about limited of oral intake and the cumbersome procedure of enteral nutrition. In conclusion, home enteral nutrition using PEG is effective in maintaining relief of symptoms, both the time required for feeding and patient pain are less, patients can be readily socially rehabilitated, and complications related to PEG have been few. These suggest that it may become a beneficial measure for patients with adult Crohn's disease.
 ...
PMID:[Experiences with home enteral nutrition using PEG in patients with adult Crohn's disease]. 988 66

The bioavailability of buprenorphine, HCl (BPP) in sheep after nasal administration of two formulations has been studied. 0.9 mg BPP in 150 microl was administered nasally and compared to 0.6 mg i.v. The test solutions were formulated with 30% polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) and 5% dextrose, respectively. The bioavailability for PEG 300 was 70% (S.D.+/-27%, n=6), whereas the bioavailability for 5% dextrose was 89% (S.D.+/-23%, n=6). A two-compartment model with initial and terminal serum half-lives of 10 and 23 min, respectively, may describe the pharmacokinetics. The rate of absorption for both nasal formulations was very fast (t(max)=10 min). The C(max) was 37 ng/ml (S.D.+/-17) and 48 (S.D.+/-10) for PEG 300 and dextrose, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two formulations, but PEG 300 has advantages in relation to freezing point depression and solubility, which may be considered if further studies are going to be initiated. The high nasal bioavailability and short time to maximal plasma concentration suggests that it is possible to make a clinically relevant nasal formulation of BPP for the treatment of pain.
 ...
PMID:Intranasal absorption of buprenorphine--in vivo bioavailability study in sheep. 1100 May 52

Cachexia of malignancy is a heterogenous and dynamic phenomenon. Thirty to fifty percent of all oncologic patients suffer from malnutrition. Patients with ENT carcinomas, from the clinical view-point, are clearly high-risk patients. Essentially, malnutrition in ENT carcinoma patients is attributable to reduced or even insufficient energy supply and intake of nutrients as a result of pain experienced in swallowing and constrictions of the upper swallowing tract. Malnutrition has turned out to be a factor entailing an unfavourable prognosis and, frequently, limiting a therapy. In a survey conducted by the Endoscopy Working Group of the German Society for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Throat Surgery, 70% of the university ENT hospitals confirmed that their patients experienced a clinically relevant weight loss in the range from 3 to 10 kg during oncologic causal treatment. Tube feeding with liquid formula diets is the most efficient, least-risk approach to long term use, and should already be adopted prior to therapy irrespective of scheduled oncologic causal therapy. The feeding tube placed by percutaneous endoscopically controlled gastrostomy is increasingly becoming an alternative to a nasogastric tube. Two basic PEG techniques have been employed: 1. the transoral pull technique and 2. direct puncture. In direct puncture, as distinct from the pull technique, iatrogenic dispersal of tumour cells from the primary location of the tumour with subsequent implantation in the gastric or abdominal wall is definitely ruled out. In the ENT Clinic of Magdeburg University, we decided to adopt direct puncture and, since 1991, this technique has been used in interdisciplinary co-operation with the Magdeburg University Clinic of Gastroenterology and successfully employed in 660 patients with advanced carcinomas of the upper swallowing tract. Severe PEG-induced abdominal complications were extremely rare, observed in as little as 0.5% of the cases. For enteral feeding through PEG which maintained or even improved the nutritional status, good compliance was noted in 83% of the patients. Prior to PEG and oncologic causal therapy, 36% of the patients showed malnutrition (BMI < 20 kg/m2). At the stage of anamnesis half of the patients indicated that, for the past six months prior to diagnosis of the tumour, they had experienced a weight loss of more than 10% of the calculated ideal body weight. Prior to therapy, 97% of the patients complained of dysphagia-induced reduced or impaired food intake. The various PEG tube techniques, along with their pros and cons, as well as nutritional aspects in oncology are presented for the Magdeburg patients and discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Basic principles of enteral nutrition, tube techniques, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]. 1155 24

To evaluate the efficacy of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (PEG-4000) in pregnant women affected by constipation, 40 consecutive pregnant women from 6 to 38 weeks' gestation were enrolled in this preliminary study. Constipation was defined as spontaneous evacuation less than four times a week or the presence of symptoms such as defecation pain, rectal urgency, tenesmus, anal injury, or abdominal pain. A PEG-4000 solution (Isocolan, also marketed in the United States as Golitely/Nulitely) was administered for 15 days at a dose of 250 mL by mouth once or twice a day. The number of bowel movements per week, the presence or absence of liquid stools, tenesmus, urgency, defecation pain, anal lesions, and abdominal pain were evaluated before and after 15 days of treatment. Treatment with PEG-4000 significantly increased the evacuation episodes per week (from 1.66 +/- 0.48 to 3.16 +/- 1.05; P <.01), and constipation was resolved in 27 of 37 women (73%). Defecation pain, anal injury, and abdominal pain significantly improved after PEG-4000 administration. Improvement occurred in both patients with new-onset constipation during pregnancy as well as patients with a history of constipation before pregnancy. These preliminary findings indicate that PEG-4000 may be an effective choice for the treatment of constipation during pregnancy.
 ...
PMID:Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (Isocolan) for constipation during pregnancy: an observational open-label study. 1523 17

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ketoprofen used in preemptive analgesia on the intensity of pain and requirement for analgesics in the perioperative period. Sixty patients scheduled for elective lumbar disc prolapse surgery were randomly divided into two groups. In the PRE group (n = 30) ketoprofen was administered one hour before incision. In the POST group ( n = 30) ketoprofen was used immediately after the surgery. The operation was performed under general anesthesia. Postoperative analgesia was realized by NCA (Nurse Controlled Analgesia) and the "required" dose of ketoprofen was 100 mg. After the operation, pain intensity was measured using visual-analog scale (VAS), ketoprofen requirements, the time to the first dose of ketoprofen, and levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PEG(2)) in blood serum were compared. There were no differences between the groups in the VAS pain scores, and levels of PGE(2) in blood serum. However, in patients of PRE group who had received preemptive analgesia, a significantly lower total consumption of ketoprofen, as compared with POST group, was observed between 12th and 36th postoperative hours. It was also found that the time which elapsed between the end of the operation and the first NCA activation was significantly shorter in the PRE group, as compared with the POST group. The results of our study confirm the possibility of modifying the nociception process in the perioperative period through preemptive analgesia by ketoprofen.
 ...
PMID:Influence of pre-operative ketoprofen administration (preemptive analgesia) on analgesic requirement and the level of prostaglandins in the early postoperative period. 1559 42

Children with congenital conditions who are nonambulatory have been observed to have pathologic fractures due to disuse osteopenia. Data support the use of intravenous bisphosphonates to treat this in children with disabilities, but there are no data to guide the use of oral bisphosphonate medication. Ten nonambulatory children with disuse osteopenia secondary to either static brain injury or spina bifida were started on alendronate. Investigators completed a chart review of each subject. There were 17 fractures before starting alendronate and 1 fracture in the follow-up period. All children with nociceptive behavior or pain complaints (5/10) had their symptoms resolve after treatment. Despite the presence of gastrointestinal comorbidities (7/10 with a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease, 5/10 taking reflux medication, and 4/10 with PEG tubes), only 1 of the 10 children discontinued the medication secondary to gastrointestinal complaints. This case series offers evidence that disabled nonambulatory children tolerate alendronate, and it may decrease fractures in those at risk from severe disuse osteopenia.
 ...
PMID:Oral bisphosphonates to treat disuse osteopenia in children with disabilities: a case series. 1583 48

Metaxalone (Met), a drug for treatment of pain and stiffness due to muscular injuries, was covalently linked to poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) via a chloroacetyl chloride spacer. The average weight molecular weights used for PEG are 4000, 6000 and 10,000, respectively, and the procedure of chemical modification for PEGs was conducted by a two-step protocol: (1) synthesis of N-chloroacetyl-metaxalone; (2) synthesis of PEG(4000)-Met, PEG(6000)-Met and PEG(10000)-Met. The controlled drug release studies were performed in buffer solutions with pH values equal to 1.1, 7.4 and 10.0. The results demonstrate that, in the same condition, the rate of hydrolysis for PEG(10000)-Met is the slowest among three prodrugs, and more amount of metaxalone can be detected releasing from prodrug matrices at the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin in a buffer solution with pH 8.0. It was also found that these novel prodrugs can effectively improve the metaxalone's pharmacokinetics, and furthermore can markedly increase its half-life period.
 ...
PMID:Synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-metaxalone conjugates and study of its controlled release in vitro. 1706 68


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>