Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Etomidate has been studied in two groups of patients. In Group 1, 50 patients received etomidate 100 micrograms/kg/minute with fentanyl and a muscle relaxant, ventilation being with air and oxygen (50%). The technique gave a smooth, pleasant induction with all patients asleep within 2 minutes. The incidence of pain on infusion was 6% and of myoclonus 6%. Cardiovascular changes were minimal, the most common finding being persistent tachycardia. The mean recovery time was 9.1 minutes. There was no incidence of awareness, recall, or thrombophlebitis, but a 20% incidence of nausea and vomiting. In Group 2, 20 patients received the same dosage of etomidate to supplement spinal anaesthesia for lower abdominal surgery. The technique worked most satisfactorily, with patients falling quietly to sleep within 2-3 minutes with no hiccoughs, coughing or laryngospasm. Six patients exhibited myoclonus, one being severe. In no case did myoclonus interfere with the operation. The cardiovascular system remained stable in all patients. Mean recovery time was 16.1 minutes (range 3-38 minutes). Twitching and restlessness were the main complications during recovery.
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PMID:Etomidate infusion. Its use in anaesthesia for general surgery. 686 59

The venous complications associated with the administration of two preparations of diazepam, an aqueous (Valium) or a lipid (Diazemuls) preparation were investigated in 100 patients before upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a double-blind randomized study. No differences in pain during injection or subsequent thrombophlebitis were found when a large vein was used for the injections. In a retrospective study of 78 patients who had received either preparation in a vein on the dorsum of the hand, the frequency of thrombophlebitis was significantly less with the lipid preparation. Both preparations provided effective sedation for endoscopy.
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PMID:Venous complications of two diazepam preparations related to size of vein. 688 15

Twenty-four periodontal patients volunteered for a study designed to investigate the incidence of venous sequelae with Injectable Valium administered by a standardized conscious sedation technique. Sedative doses were injected into veins on the dorsum of the hand utilizing a continuous infusion drip of 5% dextrose in water. Postoperative evaluation extended over 12 weeks. Ultrasonic tests for thrombosis were performed with a Doppler Flowmeter. Independent variables considered included age, vein size, volume of drug, volume of intravenous solution, pain upon injection and initial venous flow velocity. Sixteen subjects (66.67%) experienced some form of venous sequelae. Thirteen sequelae advanced to thrombophlebitis. Those subjects who demonstrated no complications had significantly higher initial venous flow than those with complications. Those subjects with resolution of complications demonstrated a significantly greater initial venous flow than those without resolution of complications. Clinical variables of pain on injection, vein diameter, dose of diazepam and volume of infusion solution did not significantly differ across groups. However, those subjects with no complications were significantly older than those with complications. It is recommended that the larger veins of the forearm and antecubital fossa, with greater mean velocities of venous flow, be preferred for intravenous diazepam administration to attempt to decrease the nature and incidence of thrombophlebitis.
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PMID:Incidence and extent of venous sequelae with intravenous diazepam utilizing a standardized conscious sedation technique. 696 Jan 68

Twenty-nine patients had sonographic evaluation of the femoral triangle because of pain or swelling. The entities diagnosed by sonography were abscesses (seven), cellulitis (three), hematoma (five), nodal enlargement (four), aneurysm of the femoral artery (three), and thrombophlebitis of the femoral vein (seven). Both abscesses and hematomas were poorly defined primarily anechoic masses. Soft-tissue swelling but no distinct masses were present in cellulitis, and all cases of adenopathy were well defined anechoic masses. Aneurysms were also primarily well defined, pulsatile, anechoic masses except mycotic aneurysm, which may present as a primarily solid mass. The sonographic features of thrombophlebitis which has received scant attention in the sonographic literature are stressed. Findings suggest a dilated anechoic vein is characteristic of this entity. Although the sonographic findings or clinical data of many of these entities may be nonspecific, when used in combination, the correct diagnosis can usually be obtained.
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PMID:Disease in the femoral triangle: sonographic appearance. 698 16

Patients with severe gram-negative infections are often treated with aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, or a combination of these. Aminoglycosides cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Duration of treatment and dose are directly related to the incidence of toxicity. Nephrotoxicity occurs in 10% to 20% of patients, is mild to moderate in severity, and is often reversible. Tobramycin causes nephrotoxicity less frequently than does gentamicin. Ototoxicity may be associated with auditory or vestibular changes. Auditory toxicity occurs at high frequencies in 10% of patients and is rarely clinically apparent, but it may not be reversible. Cephalosporins cause different adverse effects, which can be classified as those due to: (1) the physical-chemical properties of the cephalosporin--pain on injection and thrombophlebitis; (2) drug hypersensitivity--rash, exfoliative dermatitis, hemolytic anemia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, fever, interstitial nephritis, and anaphylaxis, (3) dose--positive Coombs reaction, glomerulotubular dysfunction, central nervous system dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, leukopenia, and agranulocytosis; and (4) other causes--diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, prolonged prothrombin time, disulfiram-like effect, colonization, and super-infection. Use of cephalothin with gentamicin or tobramycin increases the incidence of nephrotoxicity. In patients with severe infections, election of an aminoglycoside or cephalosporin may depend on the relative toxicity of the drugs. Well-designed comparative studies are needed to determine the relative frequency and clinical significance of these adverse effects.
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PMID:Considerations regarding clinical safety and tolerability of antibiotics in serious and nosocomial infections. 703 39

The peripheral and central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of midazolam 0.15 mg/kg, administered intravenously, were studied in 57 patients. Midazolam induced anaesthesia satisfactorily in 78% of the patients, the remainder required either further doses of midazolam, or alternative induction agents. There was no pain on injection. No evidence of thrombophlebitis was apparent up to 72 hours after injection. Mean systolic arterial pressure decreased from 128 mm Hg to 114 mm Hg and mean diastolic pressure decreased from 75 mm Hg to 67 mm Hg (P less than 0.005) four minutes after injection. Mean Apnoea occurred in 14 patients, with a mean onset time of 82 sec and a mean duration of 30 sec. Patients showed a decrease in mean respiratory rate from 13.7 breaths/min to 12.8 breaths/min two minutes after injection of midazolam. A larger dose than used in this study would be necessary for satisfactory use of midazolam as an induction agent for general anaesthesia.
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PMID:Midazolam as an intravenous induction agent for general anaesthesia: a clinical trial. 703 2

Five hundred outpatients undergoing endoscopy were admitted into a controlled trial comparing the incidence of thrombophlebitis following intravenous diazepam administered in the way, with the effects of either a saline flush following the diazepam or diluting the drug with the patient's own blood before injection ('barbotage'). The results were assessed using a questionnaire completed by patients two weeks after endoscopy; 80% replied. A saline flush reduced the incidence of side effects, particularly pain (P less than 0.05). 'Barbotage' gave the highest incidence of side effects. Saline flush is therefore recommended as a means of reducing the thrombophlebitis which may follow intravenous diazepam.
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PMID:Saline flush: a simple method of reducing diazepam-induced thrombophlebitis. 704 Jun 57

Pain relief is the most striking feature following this procedure. In Group I, in which the metal acetabular socket and the metal femoral cup were used, 60 per cent of the patients gained satisfactory pain relief at five to nine years of follow-up. In Group II, in which the metal-polyethylene socket and the metal cup were used, 84 per cent of the patients gained satisfactory pain relief, with 1 to 5 years of follow-up. There have been 12 revision cases in the 130 hips operated on, with the average time to revision being 3 years and 10 months. Revision procedures consisted of the conventional total hip replacement (seven cases), replacement of the socket and/or the cup (four cases), and arthrodesis (one case). The secondary operations could be performed without difficulties, probably because no bone cement was used in our surface replacement. No cases of pulmonary embolism, thrombophlebitis, deep infection, heterotopic ossification, or femoral neck fracture were encountered after the procedure.
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PMID:Symposium on Surface Replacement Arthroplasty of the Hip. Socket and cup surface replacement. 714 50

Administration of oral contraceptives (OCs) is followed by the development of pathological changes in the vascular wall and in coagulation. 77 women who had used OCs were examined by the Ethanol gelification test (EGT) to reveal eventual marks of pathological intravascular coagulation. The authors found a positive correlation in 8 cases (10.4%). In a control group of 64 female blood doners who did not use OCs, no woman had a positive EGT test. In the group with a positive EGT, pain occurred in the calves more frequently and 2 women had thrombophlebitis. (author's modified)
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PMID:[Problems of the effect of peroral contraceptives on intravascular coagulation]. 715 Nov 92

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)--now the most potent platelet-aggregation inhibitor--is being investigated in combination with glycine (Godamed; text preparation A) and microencapsulated (test preparation B) in view of the plasma total salicylate level and platelet aggregation inhibiting effect. The examination is conducted on 20 patients by the cross-over method. An increase of the plasma total salicylate level of test preparation A compared with test preparation B is highly significant up to 60 min after application of 1000 mg ASA respectively. As in shorter time a higher plasma total salicylate level is reached a significantly higher analgesic effect of the test preparation A may be expected. In certain indications, occurring with pain, as for instance arterial occlusive disease, thrombophlebitis, etc., this is absolutely desired. Additional application of analgetics is then often unnecessary. A differentiated use of ASA preparations as platelet-aggregation inhibitors is therefore required. To investigate the disaggregating effect of both ASA preparations the PAT-III test by Breddin was used. 2 h after the oral application of 1000 mg ASA a complete normalisation by both ASA preparations was reached, whereas before a significant higher platelet aggregation had been recognized. The somewhat faster reached effect of test preparation A is not significant and clinically not relevant. When in the acute phase as well as in the long-term treatment of the above mentioned indications an ASA-containing platelet-aggregation inhibitor is used, that preparation should get preference which is well tolerable and has the same platelet-disaggregating effect but with the higher analgesic effect.
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PMID:[On the platelet aggregation inhibiting and analgesic activities of acetylsalicylic acid (author's transl)]. 719 3


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