Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the pre-conquest period of 1325-1521, Mexico was inhabited by more than 80 distinct ethnographic groups, disconnected, and with cultures less developed than those of the Aztec and Maya. Male polygamy was accepted only among nobles, although warriors received sexual services from groups of women who lived isolated from society. Adultery committed by a woman was punishable by death. Venereal diseases were recognized in both sexes even though medicine within these cultures was based upon magical and supernatural ideas. Women experiencing fetid secretions from their genitals or any type of visible lesion were segregated or forced to live outside of town until cured. Urinary pain was treated in both sexes potions derived from herbs and roots, while genital inflammation received plasters. Polygamy was eliminated during the Spanish colonial occupation of 1521-1810, although soldiers and officials were allowed to have large numbers of servants. Prostitution was tolerated with an increase in venereal diseases which were most likely syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, gonorrhea, and other inflammatory urogenital disorders reported among the conquerors and the female population from 1529. The female indigenous population was the most vulnerable to infections during this period. Problems with STDs intensified in the 17th century due to the arrival of a large number of highly promiscuous, unsanitary immigrants who lived in crowded conditions. A bando was ultimately proclaimed in Mexico City in 1776 on the functioning of public houses and surveillance of the women who worked in them. The first formal regulations and sanitary inspections of female prostitutes were implemented during the 1860s as a means of protecting the French, Austrian, and Belgian soldiers who had helped invade Mexico. Literature produced in Mexico at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries dealt mainly with moral and legal affairs regarding public houses as well as the diagnosis and treatment of STDs. Prevention was a fundamental aspect of the fight against STDs during the Mexican Revolutionary period. The first anti-venereal disease dispensary was established in Mexico City in 1921. The Department of Public Hygiene later intensified its campaign against STDs and extended it to the whole country. Specific dates of subsequent measures taken are provided, followed by a discussion of AIDS in Mexico, one of 15 countries with the highest number of AIDS cases in the world.
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PMID:Historical account of venereal diseases in Mexico. 828 2

This is a retrospective review of 279 pelvic ultrasound examinations requested over 19 months by a department of GU medicine. An abnormal ultrasound was rarely seen in women with pain but no pelvic mass (16%). If a mass was found on bimanual palpation, the yield of abnormal ultrasound was much higher (52%). Pelvic ultrasound was also useful in refuting a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by demonstrating an intrauterine gestational sac.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:The use of pelvic ultrasound in female patients attending a GUM clinic. 839 96

In the mid-1980s in Brazil, health workers randomly assigned 1711 women aged 15-48 requesting IUD insertion at the Center for Research on Integrated Maternal and Child Care clinic in Rio de Janeiro to have the Copper-T 200 IUD inserted by a physician or by a nurse. The study aimed to determine whether trained nurses could perform as safe and effective IUD insertions as physicians. Insertion failure was more common when performed by nurses than physicians (3.3% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.005). Severe pain at insertion was more common during physician insertions than nurse insertions (10.8% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.008) and in women who had menstrual bleeding, bleeding, dysmenorrhea, or pelvic pain than in women lacking these preinsertion symptoms (14.2% vs. 7.8%; p 0.001). History of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or a sexually transmitted disease (STD) increased the likelihood of severe pain at insertion (14.5% vs. 8.5%; p = 0.022). Nulliparous women were more likely to experience insertion failure than parous women regardless of provider, especially for nurse insertions (11.6% vs. 1.6%; p 0.01). The higher failure rate among nurses was probably due to a higher proportion of nulliparous women in the nurse insertion group (17.2% vs. 13.6%; p 0.05). The overall IUD use-effectiveness rate at 12 months was 98.8% (98.6% for physicians and 99% for nurses). The cumulative IUD continuation rate at 12 months was slightly better for nurse insertions than for physician insertions (75.2% vs. 74.4%). There were no significant differences between termination rates regardless of reason (pregnancy, expulsion, or removal) between physicians and nurses. The increases in complaint rates between preinsertion and postinsertion were the same for both physicians and nurses (25.8% and 25.1%, respectively). These results indicate the need to emphasize taking the client's medical history and diagnosing existing medical symptoms that are possibly linked to IUD insertion complications. Physicians or more experienced nurses should insert an IUD in nulliparous women. More counseling and care are needed for women with IUD insertion complications and those with a history of PID or STD.
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PMID:Comparative study of safety and efficacy of IUD insertions by physicians and nursing personnel in Brazil. 852 Jun 6

Induced abortion is one of the most frequent surgical procedures in the UK. Even though it is considered safe, it sometimes has complications and long-term sequelae. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the most prevalent complication and can lead to chronic pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, infertility, and a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia trachomatis is perhaps the leading etiologic agent for PID among women who have undergone induced abortion and who develop PID. Gonorrhea is another major etiologic agent for PID. Strategies used to try to reduce pelvic infection revolve around administration of antibiotic prophylaxis based on demographic features and on the presence of certain organisms in the genital tract that may increase their risk (e.g., C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and universal antibiotic prophylaxis for all women undergoing abortion. Most of the literature suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis does provide some protection against PID but does not clearly indicate who should be screened and for which pathogens and who should be treated and with which antibiotics. Demographic features useful for identifying who should receive antibiotic prophylaxis are: a history of PID, single status, nulliparity, and youth (especially reliable for chlamydial infection). Screening for bacterial vaginosis involves diagnosis based on 3 of 4 criteria: characteristic vaginal discharge, positive amine test, raised vaginal pH, and the presence of clue cells on microscopy of wet or stained preparations of vaginal discharge. Since C. trachomatis is the most important pathogen, drugs sensitive to it should be administered: tetracyclines and erythromycin. Screening women seeking abortion for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) provides an opportunity to educate them about STDs and treatment compliance and to contact their partners for investigation, treatment, and contact-tracing to reduce the STD-infected pool in the community.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Preventing pelvic infection after abortion. 854 9

Distal transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurement (TcPo2) is a noninvasive method of evaluating tissular hypoxemia in peripheral arterial disease. The poststress area of hypoxemia is a usefull technique for globally quantifying different parameters represented by TcPo2 curves during exercise. Although its use is increasingly widespread, the reproducibility of this method is poorly documented. TcPo2 was monitored three times at twenty-four hour intervals in 5 patients with stage II obliterative arterial disease during a treadmill walking test. In order to get uniform measurement conditions, each patient remained lying and then stood until TcPo2 became stable. The stress duration was calculated so that the pain step could not be reached. TcPo2 curves were digitized and a specific image analyzer was used to make replicate measurements. The area under the curve was computed, the horizontal axis determining the mean TcPo2 value at rest, the vertical axis representing the end of the exercise period. The corresponding areas under the curves ranged from 34 to 2212 mm2 (573.60; SD 826). Significant correlation coefficients were obtained among replicate measurements (first-second day, first-third day). However, owing to the wide range of area values, the authors decided to compute and use the coefficient of variation (STD/mean), since it was more representative of reproducibility. The mean of its value for 5 patients was 21%. Observation of the examination conditions resulted in several findings, especially the ability of certain patients to adapt their efforts to the exercise. These results indicate that TcPo2 poststress area measurements are reproducible, but the conditions of the exercise have to be rigorously defined and may still be improved.
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PMID:TcPo2 measurement reproducibility during stress in stage II obliterative arterial disease. 861 4

Genital warts are common and are a sexually transmitted disease affecting all socioeconomic groups and life-styles. They are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are highly contagious. Genital warts are often symptomless, but occasionally cause itching, bleeding after intercourse burning and pain. Referral to a Genitourinary Medicine Clinic is recommended, where specialist treatment and counselling are available. Special care is needed with children or if the patient is pregnant. At the clinic, patients may be shown how to treat themselves at home with podophyllotoxin.
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PMID:Modern management of genital warts in women. 868 Jan 65

In May 1993, at 11 military camps in the upper northern region of Thailand, civilians interviewed 869 men aged 21-29 years (most of whom were 21 years old) so researchers could determine the frequency and variety of self-treatment and self-prophylaxis behaviors for sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the relationship of these behaviors with the prevalence of HIV infection. 12.3% of the men at conscription into the military tested positive for HIV infection. 32.5% had ever had an STD. The leading STDs and syndromes were gonorrhea (16.1%), penile discharge with pus (15.5%), and pain while urinating (11.4%). HIV-positive men were more likely to have had sex with commercial sex workers (CSWs) (odds ratio [OR] = 9.14), to have had an STD (OR = 5.96), and not to use condoms consistently when having sexual intercourse with CSWs (OR = 3.13). 65.2% of men who had ever had an STD self-treated with antibiotics. 8.5% of men who had ever had an STD used antibiotics, particularly chloramphenicol, before having intercourse with a CSW. Among all the men who had sexual intercourse with CSWs, almost all (98.7%) had adopted steps to prevent STDs: increasing urine output (69.2%), washing the genitals with soap and water (28.9%), and using antibiotics (0.9%). Men who self-treated with antibiotics after having intercourse with CSWs were less likely to have HIV infection (OR = 0.53). Antibiotic use before intercourse with CSWs did not have as strong a protective effect as it did after intercourse (OR = 0.74). The protective effect of self-treatment was significant, even when controlling for syphilis, gonorrhea, lymphadenopathy, penile discharge with pus, and condom use with a CSW. These findings show that some sexually active men in northern Thailand are trying to prevent HIV and other STDs and that self-treatment with antibiotics may reduce the HIV risk associated with bacterial STDs in a high prevalence population.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection and self-treatment for sexually transmitted diseases among northern Thai men. 883 16

Malignant anal tumours are rare cancers but are particularly common in Switzerland, Poland and Brazil. Very little is known about this condition in the Chinese population. A retrospective study, covering an 11-year period, was performed. A total of 18 patients were treated at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong. There were eight squamous cell carcinomas, seven adenocarcinomas and one each of adenosquamous carcinoma, malignant melanoma and leiomyosarcoma. Bleeding per rectum, with or without perianal pain, was the main presenting symptom. Abdominoperineal resection was the treatment modality used in most cases. Adenocarcinomas, seen mainly in males, accounted for about 39% of cases, a figure much higher than that published elsewhere. Another 44% of patients, predominantly females, had squamous cell carcinoma. None had a positive past history of sexually transmitted disease. The local prevalence of HPV infection is much lower than in the Western world, and the role of HPV in the oncogenesis of anal tumours in the Chinese population awaits elucidation.
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PMID:Malignant anal tumours in the Chinese population in Hong Kong. 885 40

During May 1993 to April 1995, in Norway, 30 general practitioners at 13 different centers in Trondheim recruited 957 parous women, 18-45 years old, in a prospective use-effectiveness study of 2 copper releasing IUDs. They screened for Chlamydia trachomatis infection at insertion. Researchers aimed to examine the effect of C. trachomatis infection on cause-related terminations during the first 3 months of use. Five (0.5%) women tested positive for C. trachomatis infection. All 5 women received antibiotic treatment within 9-15 days after IUD insertion. One woman with chlamydia infection experienced partial IUD expulsion at 9 days. The remaining women continued IUD use without complications. 57 (6/100 women-months) women requested removal of the IUD during the first 90 days of use. No woman requested removal for pelvic inflammatory disease or bleeding and pain. Based on these findings, the authors do not recommend screening for C. trachomatis at IUD insertion in Norwegian women because the prevalence of chlamydia infection was very low in IUD users. They suggest that any recommendations for universal screening of new IUD users for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) be based upon a review of local/national STD prevalence data.
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PMID:IUD users in Norway are at low risk for genital C. trachomatis infection. 892 73

A large number of Ethiopians reside abroad as refugees, immigrants, or students. To provide adequate care, physicians must understand their beliefs about health and medicine. To Ethiopians, health is an equilibrium between the body and the outside. Excess sun is believed to cause mitch ("sunstroke"), leading to skin disease. Blowing winds are thought to cause pain wherever they hit. Sexually transmitted disease is attributed to urinating under a full moon. People with buda, "evil eye," are said to be able to harm others by looking at them. Ethiopians often complain of rasehn, "my head" (often saying it burns); yazorehnyal, "spinning" (not a true vertigo); and libehn, "my heart" (usually indicating dyspepsia rather than a cardiac problem). Most Ethiopians have faith in traditional healers and procedures. In children, uvulectomy (to prevent presumed suffocation during pharyngitis in babies), the extraction of lower incisors (to prevent diarrhea), and the incision of eyelids (to prevent or cure conjunctivitis) are common. Circumcision is performed on almost all men and 90% of women. Ethiopians do bloodletting for moygnbagegn, a neurologic disease that includes fever and syncope. Chest pain is treated by cupping. Ethiopians often prefer injections to tablets. Bad news is usually given to families of patients and not the patients themselves. Zar is a form of spirit possession treated by a traditional healer negotiating with the alien spirit and giving gifts to the possessed patient. Health education must address Ethiopian concerns and customs.
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PMID:Cross-cultural medicine and diverse health beliefs. Ethiopians abroad. 907 36


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