Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The CAP theory of drug abuse emphasizes the interaction of cognitive-affective-pharmacogenic effects of drug taking. The belief that one is powerless to affect the environment and cope with stress plays a central role in the theory. The CAP theory is seen as being consistent with newer cognitive models which emphasize the role of internal thoughts and beliefs in the development of maladaptive behavior. Research findings support the hypothesis that an individual's belief in the ability to control a situation strongly influences behavior. Successful treatment of the drug abuser requires a multimodal approach which alters faulty thinking, teaches new interpersonal skills, helps the abuser cope with pain and anxiety, and encourages the development of a positive self-image.
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PMID:The CAP control theory of drug abuse. 677

This paper reviews the available literature on the epidemiology of drug abuse in Nigeria. Depending on the definition used, substances which are abused include antibiotics, antidiarrhoeals, laxatives, pain-relieving drugs, sedatives, amphetamines and cannabis. This review is, however, limited to studies on substances which alter behaviour or mood. These drugs include cannabis, sedative-hypnotics, amphetamines and alcohol. For some classes of drugs there has been a noticeable shift in patterns of drug abuse, for example, from abuse of methaqualone to barbiturates. The abuse of volatile solvents and other substances has also been noted. The review shows that there is no age limit among drug abusers. Studies on the influence of social class have been contradictory. Factors which indicate a predisposition to initial drug use have been similar to those reported in other cultures. Although the studies agreed on the classes of drugs abused and the changing patterns of drug abuse, there has been no uniform reporting system. This situation is attributed to financial constraints. Large-scale surveys which should incorporate most of the core items in any epidemiological study on substance abuse have been suggested.
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PMID:Drug abuse in Nigeria: a review of epidemiological studies. 698 29

1 In patients with chronic pain, two types of analgesic drug dependence occur, that is, dependence of the barbiturate-type and of the morphine-type. Eighty cases of analgesic drug dependence of the barbiturate-type were examined. All these patients were dependent on drug combinations, not a single patient being on one analgesic alone. 2 Psychotropic agents were found to be the common pharmacological denominator of all abused preparations. These findings confirm the hypothesis that the addition of psychotropic or dependence-producing substances to analgesics is the crucial factor in the complex of mild analgesic drug abuse. 3 One group of patients with chronic pain, who were dependent on analgesic drug mixtures, had both lowered experimental pain thresholds and tolerances. After drug withdrawal, these parameters showed a tendency to increase in some patients.
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PMID:Abuse and paradoxical effects of analgesic drug mixtures. 743 79

Despite the vast literature on drug dependence, little has been written about patients who become addicted while taking medically prescribed drugs for organic pathology. Observations from a psychiatric consultation-liaison service reveal that these patients are frequently middle-aged with no history of drug abuse before the onset of a chronic medical condition. Associated with their medical condition is a dependence on narcotics and/or psychotropic medications for such complaints as pain, headache, insomnia, and anxiety. Thea addiction may persist for years without acknowledgement by a patient, doctor, or family, although there is usually a progressive constriction of social and occupational functioning. The primary physician is highly valued by the patient; this manifest appreciation trends to facilitate the primary physician's continued prescription of large doses of addicting drugs. Treatment involving detoxification typically goes through a series of stages, each of which has characteristic hazards and pitfalls that can lead to failure of treatment.
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PMID:Treatment of iatrogenic drug dependence in the general hospital. 746 45

The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of medical and non-medical factors on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) preferences of patients, to determine which of them are the most important to patients when considering CPR, and to compare the views of older (> or = 70 years) and younger (< 70 years) patients. We interviewed 180 patients, 86 of whom were aged 70 years or older. 'I do not want to be a burden on my family' was the most important factor for older patients, and they were more ready to leave the decision to the doctor than were the younger patients. 'I want to retain my capacity to think clearly' was most important to younger patients. In general, younger patients gave higher ratings in favour of CPR than older patients. Increased age, drug abuse, dementia, pain, poor functional status and a low likelihood of success were associated with a lower preference rating for CPR in both age groups.
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PMID:What factors influence patient preferences regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation? 747 23

The objective of this study was to describe pain tolerance in drug abusers. Research suggests that drug dependence and pain perception share common neuroanatomical and neurophysiological substrates; thus the abuse of psychoactive drugs was hypothesized to relate to pain tolerance. We examined cold-pressor pain tolerance in 122 male, current and former opioid and cocaine abusers, across use status and primary drug of abuse. Descriptive analyses showed that the ratio of pain-sensitive to pain-tolerant persons was considerably higher than that described in the normative cold-pressor pain literature. Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for using status, indicating that current drug use is associated with decreased pain tolerance. The main effect for drug type approached significance, implying that persons who abuse opioids manifest less pain tolerance than cocaine users. The findings emphasize the importance of studying pain tolerance and drug abuse as interrelated phenomena.
J Pain Symptom Manage 1994 Oct
PMID:Cold-pressor pain tolerance in opiate and cocaine abusers: correlates of drug type and use status. 782 86

Governments throughout the world have struggled for decades to ensure the availability of narcotic analgesics for legitimate medical and scientific purposes while controlling the abuse and illegal diversion of such substances. While the international drug-control system has effectively limited illicit trafficking of opioids, concerns remain about its effectiveness in ensuring the availability of these drugs for legitimate purposes. In the United States, federal legislation accommodates the use of controlled substances for medical and scientific purposes more effectively than does state law. Many states' controlled substance laws hinder appropriate opioid prescribing through (a) the use of ill-defined terms, (b) restriction of pain prescriptions to a specific number of dosage units; and/or (c) utilization of multiple-copy prescription programs. A more efficient state approach to monitoring inappropriate schedule II prescribing and dispensing may be through an electronic, computer-based pharmacy point-of-sale system, through which pharmacists can be alerted instantaneously to patients receiving the same drug from multiple pharmacies. In addition, states should consider modifying their approaches to drug abuse by adopting the revised Uniform Controlled Substances Act and/or establishing state pain initiatives.
J Pain Symptom Manage 1994 Apr
PMID:Legal bases for the control of analgesic drugs. 801 28

This study examined the role of cigarette smoking in the lives of low-income, pregnant adolescents. Based on in-depth interviews, subjects' beliefs and attitudes toward smoking are described. The findings indicate that this population smoked to cope with increased weight gain; to deliver smaller infants which in turn would decrease the duration of labor and reduce the pain of delivery; to counteract anxiety arising from feelings of abandonment; and to establish an identity separate from their parents' and peers' drug abuse. These results suggest that low-income, pregnant adolescents perceive immediate benefits from cigarette smoking that outweigh long-term health consequences. It is argued that smoking-prevention programs based on an inaccurate understanding of the social context in which smoking occurs can reinforce the use of tobacco among high-risk, pregnant adolescents. Suggestions are offered to improve prevention programs targeted at low-income, pregnant teenagers.
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PMID:The role of smoking in the lives of low-income pregnant adolescents: a field study. 803 83

A one day long survey of antalgics and antipyretics consumption was carried out in 6 pharmacies of a middle-size city. It first shows the majority of medical prescription (62.2%) over self medication (29.4%) and over pharmaceutic advice (8.4%) at the drug delivery. Women are the main consumers, especially in the youngest ones (20-40 years old). Paracetamol is the most used drug; in this indication, the search for the less expensive drug seems usual. Drug abuse cannot be demonstrated in this survey; the consumption of this category of drugs appears as important although for a short duration; and most of the time for pain considered as moderate and trivial. The possibility to carry out such surveys and possibly clinical trials in private pharmacies appears as an opportunity.
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PMID:[A single-day survey in pharmacies on the consumption of analgesics and antipyretics]. 814 May 68

Opiate and opioid analgesics are commonly used for pain in general and presumably for headache. Codeine, oxycodone and propoxyphene, among the most commonly prescribed, do carry some risk of abuse, and their efficacy in headache patients has not been well studied. In many patients with other kinds of pain, however, both of neoplastic and non-neoplastic origin, chronic opiate use has been demonstrated to be of benefit without adverse side effects. The type of headache patient with intractable pain who needs frequent opiate analgesic and who does not develop addiction or drug abuse is an important subject for research.
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PMID:Opiate and opioid use in patients with refractory headache. 769 12


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