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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Horses undergoing surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive phenylbutazone at 4 mg/kg (n = 72), flunixin at 1 mg/kg (n = 68) or carprofen at 0.7 mg/kg (n = 63) by slow intravenous injection at the end of surgery, just before they were disconnected from halothane. Pain was assessed by either of two resident surgical clinicians (who did not know which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug had been given) when the horses first stood up, two and four hours later and the next morning. If repeated doses of analgesic drugs were given the time was recorded and taken as an end point for the study. The presence or absence of side effects was also recorded. In the three groups there was no significant difference between the types of surgery performed, the numbers of horses requiring further analgesia or the pain scores at any time. In the horses needing further analgesia there was a significant difference in the time after surgery at which the further analgesia was given between those in the flunixin group, 12.8 +/- 4.3 hours (mean +/- sd) and those in the phenylbutazone group, 8.4 +/- 4.6 hours; the carprofen group had an intermediate interval of 11.7 +/- 6.9 hours. Significantly fewer of the horses that received butorphanol during surgery needed further analgesia than of those that did not receive any opioid.
Vet Rec 1993 Oct 02
PMID:Postoperative analgesia using phenylbutazone, flunixin or carprofen in horses. 823 75

I have tried to convey the notion that the pain system is a very flexible one. There is considerable excitement at present that we are beginning to understand the mechanisms whereby this flexibility results in clinical pain states; this must be a good prelude to trying to prevent or reverse them. But what is the relevance of all this to pain states in animals? There are still fundamental aspects about which we know too little. Detection of pain in animals is still difficult, and even when pain is present we often cannot tell how much it is affecting the animal, especially under conditions of chronic disease. We still do not know enough about the efficacy and kinetics of analgesic drugs in each species, a task for pharmacologists and clinicians alike. We know that sensitisation of nociceptive systems can occur after tissue trauma, as occurs during surgery, but we do not yet know whether this can be effectively prevented. Against this background of tasks yet to be undertaken, we can be optimistic that we are on the brink of understanding the triggers that alter pain sensitivity, that we shall soon know which mediators are involved, and that this will give rise to new strategies for the prevention as well as the alleviation of pain. There is indeed a period of excitement ahead. In all of this we must not lose sight of the ethical and welfare considerations of using animals for pain research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1993 Aug 14
PMID:Norbrook Lecture. Mechanisms of pain and of its control. 823

The welfare implications of lameness in dairy cattle are considerable, and in addition to causing great pain and discomfort to the animals it is detrimental to productivity. This study investigated the differences in behaviour of lame and normal cows during the summer. Their rank of entry and behaviour in the milking parlour were examined. Lame cows entered the parlour later than normal cows (P < 0.01), and were significantly more restless on their feet while being milked (P < 0.01). When cows were at pasture the lame cows lay down for longer (P < 0.01) and grazed for shorter periods than the normal cows (P < 0.01). All cows ruminated for longer periods when lying down than when standing, but the difference was significant only for the lame cows (P < 0.01). In addition, lame cows had significantly lower bite rates than normal cows (P < 0.01). The behavioural differences between lame and normal cows indicated that lameness had serious effects on the welfare and productivity of lame cows.
Vet Rec 1993 Jun 05
PMID:Effects of lameness on the behaviour of cows during the summer. 833 1

A lakeland terrier puppy had progressive hindlimb ataxia associated with pain in the thoracic spine. Plain radiographs revealed a lesion affecting the dorsal neural arch of the fourth thoracic vertebra and myelography revealed compression of the spinal cord associated with the lesion. Surgical excision of the mass cured the dog's clinical signs. A histopathological examination of the excised tissue supported a diagnosis of osteochondromatosis.
Vet Rec 1993 Jun 12
PMID:Osteochondroma causing progressive posterior paresis in a lakeland terrier puppy. 833 9

Seventy-two healthy dogs required sedation and analgesia for a variety of procedures causing discomfort or pain. They were treated either with the alpha 2-agonist medetomidine at 40 micrograms/kg (15 intravenously and 17 intramuscularly), or 80 micrograms/kg (15 intravenously and 15 intramuscularly) or with xylazine plus l-methadone (1.0 mg)(10 intravenously). The levels of sedation, analgesia and safety were compared clinically and by measurements of the effects on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood gases, body temperature, haematology and clinical chemistry. Sedation was achieved reliably with both medetomidine and xylazine plus l-methadone but its onset, depth and duration were influenced by the dose and route of administration. In the medetomidine-treated dogs, intravenous administration resulted in more rapid sedation and the effects of the higher dose were deeper and longer lasting. The small dogs receiving 40 micrograms/kg may have been underdosed. The initial analgesic effects in response to a pin prick to the body surface were sufficient and similar for both drugs, except for the intramuscular dose of 40 micrograms/kg medetomidine. Analgesia for the clinical procedures was less reliable with medetomidine and was not always adequate even at the high dose, but xylazine plus l-methadone assured analgesia in almost every case. Medetomidine resulted in marked bradycardia, lasting as long as the sedation and the ECG revealed a sinus arrhythmia with sinoatrial and atrioventricular blocks grade I and II as a sign of interference with transduction. The bradycardia with xylazine plus l-methadone was less pronounced. A decrease in respiratory rate accompanying sedation had no influence on blood gases and blood acidity in the dogs treated with medetomidine but caused a respiratory acidosis with xylazine plus l-methadone. Body temperature decreased with all treatments for the duration of the period of sedation. Blood glucose concentration increased to a similar extent in all treatment groups, but all other haematological and clinicochemical variables remained unchanged. Treatment with the specific alpha 2 antagonist, atipamezole, reversed the sedation and cardiovascular and pulmonary effects due to medetomidine within minutes.
Vet Rec 1996 Feb 10
PMID:Clinical comparison of medetomidine with xylazine/l-methadone in dogs. 865 Sep 15

The electrically induced blink reflex was studied electromyographically in 21 healthy adult, detomidine-sedated horses. Using surface electrodes, the supraorbital nerve was electrically stimulated at the supraorbital foramen. The responses were recorded from the ipsilateral and contralateral orbicularis oculi muscles with concentric needle electrodes inserted in the lateral aspect of the ventral eyelids. Ipsilateral and contralateral recordings were made on successive stimulations of the same side of the face, maintaining a constant stimulus intensity. The electromyographically recorded responses consisted of an early R1 response in the orbicularis oculi muscle ipsilateral to the side of stimulation, a bilateral late response (ipsilateral R2 and contralateral Rc) and a third, R3 response, in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. All the responses were polyphasic muscle potentials of variable duration and peak to peak amplitudes. The reflex latency of the R1 response was, as in man, fairly stable. The R2 response showed greater variability both within and between individual horses. The Rc response was recorded in only 13 of the 21 horses and showed a slightly longer latency than the corresponding R2. The R3 response, which is significantly related to pain sensation in man, appeared in 19 horses and showed the greatest variability in latency.
Vet Rec
PMID:Electrically induced blink reflex in horses. 912 87

Clinical recommendations for analgesics in laboratory rodents are usually derived from basic research. However, animal models of pain often involve withdrawal reflexes evoked by threshold-level stimuli, whereas pain associated with surgery or disease involves injury and inflammation. Moreover, the analgesics used in research tend to be chosen as exemplars of a drug class, without regard for whether the route of administration is practical, whether the drug has useful kinetics or whether the side effects are tolerable. This paper provides data on the efficacy of drugs from four classes, using the formalin test as a model of injury-induced pain. Formalin (50 microliters, 2.5 per cent) was injected subcutaneously into a rat's paw and the behavioural response (lifting or licking of the paw) was recorded. Buprenorphine at 0.1 mg/kg and dipyrone at 200 mg/kg completely suppressed the pain responses. When formalin was injected six hours after buprenorphine or dipyrone, pain scores were 30 per cent of control scores. In the absence of pain and handling, 0.6 mg/kg buprenorphine was lethal to 25 per cent of rats. Locomotor activity was slightly depressed by 300 mg/kg dipyrone. Xylazine at 2 mg/kg suppressed pain responses, but the analgesia had decreased to less than 50 per cent after two hours and the effects were variable thereafter; at 8 mg/kg rats were unresponsive to a strong pinch. Acepromazine at 2.5 mg/kg reduced pain to 20 per cent of control scores and this level of analgesia was maintained for six hours; neuroleptic effects were prominent at 5 mg/kg.
Vet Rec 1997 May 24
PMID:Options for management of acute pain in the rat. 918 12

The clinical, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in three cows and one bull with pleuropneumonia are described. All the animals had fever, indigestion, tachypnoea and abnormal lung sounds. Percussion of the thoracic wall elicited signs of pain and tests for foreign bodies were positive. Ultrasonographic examination revealed an accumulation of anechogenic to hypoechogenic fluid in the pleural space in the ventral thorax of all the animals. In one animal, echogenic bands of fibrin were observed between the thoracic wall and pulmonary surface. In another, parts of the right lung were not inflated because of severe bronchopneumonia. Radiographic examination revealed a pleural effusion, apparent as a horizontal fluid line, in three animals. In addition, the increased radiopacity in parts of the dorsal lung fields and increased bronchial and peribronchial markings suggested bronchopneumonia. In three animals, the radiographs revealed linear foreign bodies in the reticulum, suggesting that the pleuropneumonia was caused by the penetration of the foreign body into the thoracic cavity. A diagnosis of pleuropneumonia was made in all the animals on the basis of the clinical, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings and the analysis of the pleural fluid. The diagnosis was confirmed at slaughter in three of them; the fourth animal was treated and was clinically healthy when it was discharged.
Vet Rec 1997 Jul 05
PMID:Ultrasonographic findings in cattle with pleuropneumonia. 924 17

Craniomandibular osteopathy was diagnosed in two Pyrenean mountain dogs with a history of mandibular swelling, pain, fever and, in dog 1, lameness. Radiographs demonstrated extensive, active new bone formation on the ventral aspect of the mandibular bodies of both dogs. Dog 2 responded well to treatment but dog 1 was euthanased owing to severe pain, dysphagia and unsuccessful treatment. The mandibles were examined by means of back-scattered scanning electron microscopy and a well arranged mineralised trabecular network of chondroid tissue and woven bone was observed. The mandibular cortical bone under the areas of periosteal proliferation was also affected, showing a looseness of the characteristic compact appearance of lamellar bone. This is the first report of craniomandibular osteopathy in this breed.
Vet Rec 1998 Apr 25
PMID:Craniomandibular osteopathy in two Pyrenean mountain dogs. 960 14

Sixty cats which underwent an ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated into four treatment groups. One group (controls) received no analgesics postoperatively, and the others received either a single dose of buprenorphine (0.006 mg/kg) intramuscularly, or pethidine (5 mg/kg) intramuscularly, or ketoprofen (2 mg/kg) subcutaneously. The analgesia obtained after each treatment was assessed by three measures. There were significant differences between the groups both for the requirement for intervention analgesia (P = 0.0008) and for the overall clinical assessment (P = 0.0003) with ketoprofen requiring least intervention analgesia and having the best overall clinical assessment, followed by buprenorphine then pethidine. The control group required the most intervention analgesia and had the worst overall clinical assessment. Visual analogue scale scoring for pain produced significant differences between the groups from one hour after the operation, with the cats which were given ketoprofen tending to have lower pain scores than the other groups.
Vet Rec 1998 Aug 15
PMID:Comparison of pethidine, buprenorphine and ketoprofen for postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in the cat. 976 58


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