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Query: UMLS:C0030193 (pain)
 261,466 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An interpretation of many of the classical signs of ruminal dysfunction is possible by extrapolation from the results of research in rumen physiology. Correlation of motility and ruminal fluid characteristics will often provide a means of establishing the degree, the duration and the differential diagnosis of the dysfunction detected. In the case of disorders of ruminal motility, general anaesthesia and diseases at any sites which produce pain or fever can inhibit the hindbrain reflex centres responsible for evoking primary and secondary cycle contractions of the reticulorumen. Simple indigestion/rumen impaction, vagus indigestion and hypocalcaemic milk fever cause ruminal stasis, probably because they relax the reticuloruminal smooth muscle and hence decrease the reflexly excitable sensory inputs from tension receptors. Grain engorgement/ruminal acidosis and extreme bloat are likely to excite other sensory receptors (epithelial receptors), which reflexly inhibit cyclical motility. Bloat occurs when eructation is inadequate either because the oesophagus is obstructed or because cardiac opening is reflexly inhibited by the presence of ruminal fluid rather than gas at the cardia in conditions of subnormal motility or of leguminous frothing.
Vet Rec 1983 Jul 02
PMID:Clinical diseases of the rumen: a physiologist's view. 687 96

The goal of this study is to determine the average numbers of afferent axons and postganglionic autonomic (sympathetic) efferent axons supplying the cat knee joint through the medial and posterior articular nerves. Interestingly, both nerves are composed primarily of unmyelinated axons. Only 20% of the axons in the medial articular nerve are myelinated, with the overwhelming majority, 80%, being unmyelinated. The posterior articular nerve has 78% unmyelinated and 22% myelinated axons. Neither nerve contains ventral root efferent axons. The sympathetic chain, in both nerves, contributes no myelinated and only 50% of the unmyelinated axons. The medial and posterior articular nerves are therefore predominantly afferent, since all myelinated and the remaining 50% of the unmyelinated axons arise from the dorsal root ganglion cell. The ratio of afferent unmyelinated to myelinated axons is 2:1. The roles of these afferent unmyelinated axons must now be considered in regard to joint kinesthetics and pain.
Anat Rec 1983 May
PMID:Afferent and efferent axons in the medial and posterior articular nerves of the cat. 688 52

In 138 mongrel dogs given renal transplants, 10 developed postoperative intussusceptions. The sites were jejunojejunal (seven), ileo-ileal (two) and ileocolic (one). In 30 puppies given intrasplenic autografts of dispersed pancreatic fragments after total pancreatectomy, five developed jejunojejunal intussusceptions. Presenting signs included vomiting, failure to eat, periodic attacks of pain, straining with the passage of bloodstained mucous, dehydration, weight loss, abdominal wall rigidity and an abdominal mass. The majority of dogs presented within the first seven days following transplantation, occasionally as late as the third week. Early operative intervention was essential to save the dogs and at laparotomy eight of nine intussusceptions were successfully reduced manually; one small bowel resection was performed for irreducibility. Recurrence was not observed in this series but reoperation in the puppies was invariably fatal. Factors contributing to the development of intussusception in the puppies included round worm infestation, recent dietary change following weaning, malabsorption and diarrhoea due to pancreatic insufficiency following pancreatectomy and respiratory infections suggesting an infective origin for the intussusceptions.
Vet Rec 1981 Jan 10
PMID:Canine intestinal intussusception following renal and pancreatic transplantation. 701 80

Seven cases with tumours localised in the brachial plexus are described. The main clinical features were a progressive lameness in one forelimb with marked muscle atrophy and very obvious but non-localizable pain. A palpable lump in the axilla was present in less than half the cases. Ancillary aids contributed little in the diagnosis except for electrophysiology which gave evidence of neural damage at an early stage of the disease and as such may be the most useful aid to an early diagnosis. Two different pathological entities were observed, the first where the tumour, primarily of neural origin (usually a neurofibrosarcoma), arose within the nerves themselves and the second where the tumours arose in adjacent tissue and involved the plexus by local infiltration. In all cases the prognosis was hopeless because of local infiltration of the tumour and metastases. In the early stages accurate diagnosis can be difficult in the absence of a mass but the possibility should be considered in any case where chronic lameness with obvious non-localizable pain is present in one forelimb.
Vet Rec 1981 May 16
PMID:Tumours involving the brachial plexus in seven dogs. 729 11

Of 26 dogs with elbow osteochondrosis, 11 had osteochondritis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle, seven had fragmentation of the coronoid process of the ulna and eight had both these lesions. Sixteen cases had bilateral involvement. The labrador and retriever breeds were most often affected and the male sex predominated. The clinical features included a foreleg lameness in a young immature dog with pain localised to the elbow joint. The most consistent radiological feature was the presence of osteophyte development especially on the dorsal aspect of the anconeal process, caused by secondary osteoarthritis. The authors are not certain that surgical treatment of elbow osteochondrosis is justified; more extended long-term studies are necessary before surgical and conservative therapeutic regimens can be fully evaluated.
Vet Rec 1981 Oct 10
PMID:Osteochondritis dissecans and fragmentation of the coronoid process in the elbow joint of the dog. 730 50

In a double blind study, eight horses were treated intravenously at seven-day intervals with detomidine at doses of 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg, or with romifidine at doses of 40, 80 and 120 micrograms/kg, or with a placebo solution. Their sedative and analgesic effects were evaluated by objective measurements and by a clinician at 15-minute intervals for three hours and the horses' instability in stocks, locomotor ataxia and heart rate were recorded simultaneously. The administration of both drugs at all doses resulted in sedation. The sedation achieved with romifidine was significantly shallower and shorter-lived than with detomidine at the recommended doses (P < 0.05). The results obtained with the highest dose of romifidine were in some cases significantly inferior and shorter-lived than those obtained with the medium dose (P < 0.05). Detomidine at the 10 micrograms/kg dose was similar in its effects to the two highest doses of romifidine. At all doses detomidine had analgesic properties against the effects of electrical pain stimulation at the withers, the coronary bands on the front and hind legs, and in the perianal region, which were dose-dependent in depth and duration, whereas romifidine was devoid of any analgesic effect. Instability and ataxia were more pronounced with detomidine than with romifidine but the effects were only slight to moderate and not regarded as a hindrance to procedures for which sedation is needed. Bradycardia was evident with both drugs at all doses; its severity and duration was related to the sedative properties of the drugs and was dose related. No other side effects were observed.
Vet Rec 1995 Apr 01
PMID:Sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine and romifidine in horses. 760 8

Multiple discospondylitis was diagnosed in a four-year-old, neutered female German shepherd dog which had suffered intermittent pain of the axial skeleton for 10 months, which was followed by the sudden onset of paraplegia associated with the rupture of an affected disc. After surgical and medical management the dog began to improve but then deteriorated as a result of a pathological fracture of the fifth lumbar vertebra. A histological examination revealed fungal hyphae at the sites affected radiographically and they were identified by immunohistochemistry as Aspergillus species. No fungal hyphae were identified in other tissues. This is the first report of canine mycotic discospondylitis in the United Kingdom.
Vet Rec 1995 Jan 14
PMID:Multiple discospondylitis associated with Aspergillus species infection in a dog. 770 71

The behavioural and plasma cortisol changes in groups of six lambs, five to six days old, were used to compare the acute effects of four methods of castration and tail docking: Burdizzo, standard sized and small rubber rings, and a combined method in which the application of a standard rubber ring was followed immediately by the application of the Burdizzo just distal to it. A control group was also included. Active behaviours such as foot stamping and restlessness increased markedly only after the treatments with rubber rings. Less time was spent in abnormal postures, and the increases in plasma cortisol were least after the combined method. It was concluded that the lambs treated by all the methods suffered considerable acute pain, for up to three hours in some cases, but that the combined method produced the least pain as judged by the behavioural and physiological indices measured, and that the small rubber rings produced more intense pain for a shorter time than the standard rubber rings.
Vet Rec 1995 Feb 25
PMID:Comparison of the Burdizzo and rubber ring methods for castrating and tail docking lambs. 775 93

Forty dogs undergoing a variety of orthopaedic surgical procedures were randomly assigned to one of two analgesic protocols, receiving either pethidine at 2 mg/kg pre-operatively and 3 mg/kg postoperatively, or carprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug at 4 mg/kg pre-operatively. Analgesia and sedation were assessed after the operations under double blind conditions using a discontinuous scoring system and a visual analogue scale. There was good agreement between the two scoring systems, and a statistical analysis of the visual analogue scores showed that carprofen provided slightly better pain relief than pethidine and produced less sedation. Carprofen provided good analgesia during the 18 hours the dogs were in hospital and no adverse side effects were observed.
Vet Rec 1994 Feb 19
PMID:Postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and pethidine in dogs. 817 93

Forty dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures were assigned randomly to one of two groups. All the animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bodyweight) intramuscularly, and anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone sodium, or propofol in the case of lean animals, and maintained with halothane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture using a non-rebreathing circuit. The dogs in group 1 were given papaveretum (0.2 mg/kg) slowly intravenously within 35 minutes of induction of anaesthesia and the dogs in group 2 were given carprofen (4 mg/kg) in the same way. The dogs were scored for sedation and pain by a trained theatre nurse, who did not know which group they belonged to, using a visual analogue scale, at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes after the halothane was switched off at the end of the procedure. Nine of the dogs were withdrawn from the trial (eight of them from the papaveretum group) because of inadequate pain relief and these animals were given pethidine (3 mg/kg intramuscularly) which produced adequate analgesia within 15 minutes in all but one case. Carprofen provided profound analgesia which was as effective and of longer duration than that produced by papaveretum, and was associated with significantly less postoperative sedation and a quicker return to the normal conscious state.
Vet Rec 1993 Sep 04
PMID:Comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and papaveretum in the dog. 823 40


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