Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0029713 (immaturity)
 4,335 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

HLA-DR-like antigens and secretory component (SC) were localized immunohistochemically in adjacent tissue sections of ethanol-fixed paraffin-embedded jejunal mucosa from control subjects and patients with coeliac disease (CD) or dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). HLA-DR-like antigens were found in a patchy distribution apically in the columnar epithelial cells facing the gut lumen and in the upper part of the crypt epithelium. The staining pattern was similar in controls and patients with CD or DH. SC was normally most abundant in the crypt epithelium but the concentration of SC in the surface epithelium increased with increasing villous atrophy both in CD and DH patients. Despite this sign of immaturity, the surface cells retained their capacity to express HLA-DR-like antigens in the pathological mucosa.
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PMID:Relation between HLA-DR-like antigens and secretory component (SC) in jejunal epithelium of patients with coeliac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis. 703 May 31

In an attempt to correlate host and parasite-related events occurring during the course of a primary Giardia infection in the mouse we have measured epithelial cell kinetics, enzymes, and intraepithelial lymphocytes at different stages of the infection. New methods were developed for the accurate measurement of parasite numbers and distribution within the gut. In jejunum a modest decrease in villus length and intraepithelial lymphocytes at week 1 preceded a pronounced disaccharidase deficiency at week 2, the time of maximum trophozoite numbers, whereas crypt lengthening and increased cell production became maximal at week 3. As trophozoite numbers fell the intraepithelial lymphocyte count and disaccharidase values rose. With the exception of the intraepithelial lymphocyte count, which followed the same pattern as in jejunum but two weeks later, the changes seen in the ileum were the opposite of those in jejunum, suggesting rapid ileal adaptation. The results indicate that the disaccharidase deficiency associated with giardiasis is likely to represent a direct effect of the parasite on the brush border rather than enterocyte immaturity, whereas the intraepithelial lymphocyte response reflects host immunity to the parasite. Profound adaptive changes occur throughout the small intestine in response to a relatively localised insult.
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PMID:Features of small intestinal pathology (epithelial cell kinetics, intraepithelial lymphocytes, disaccharidases) in a primary Giardia muris infection. 707 25

Antigen-driven tolerance is an effective method for suppression of autoimmune diseases. Adult animals can be tolerized against the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by both oral and parenteral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP). We have found that in contrast to previous studies of neonatal tolerance in which parenterally administered autoantigens induced tolerance, the oral administration of MBP in neonatal rats did not result in tolerization to MBP, but instead, primed for immunologic responses. Proliferative responses to MBP and its encephalitogenic epitope were present in animals fed with MBP as neonates and co-culture of encephalitogenic T cells with cells from neonatal rats fed with MBP were associated with enhanced MBP responses rather than the suppression observed with cells from adult rats fed with MBP. Furthermore, neonates fed with MBP and immunized 6-8 weeks later with MBP in adjuvant to induce EAE revealed enhancement of disease severity, and were not protected from a second attack upon active reinduction of EAE. Subcutaneous injection of soluble MBP into neonates had no effect on EAE induction as adults, whereas intraperitoneal injection of MBP in neonates was associated with marked suppression of disease in adults. Suppression of EAE began to appear in animals fed with MBP at 4 weeks of age, and was similar to oral tolerance in adult animals when animals were fed at 6 weeks of age. These results suggest that immaturity of the immunoregulatory network associated with oral tolerance and sensitization to autoantigens via the gut in the neonatal period may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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PMID:Orally administered myelin basic protein in neonates primes for immune responses and enhances experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in adult animals. 751 26

Malnourished rats during suckling were orally immunized with cholera toxin (CT) after different periods of refeeding. Intestinal fluids, sera, and supernatant fluids from cultured mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were obtained after rats were given three doses of CT and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the specific antibody response. Serum-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM were severely diminished in malnourished rats immunized with three doses of CT after 1 week of refeeding when compared with those of controls. Also, a decreased IgA ELISA titer of the intestinal fluids and abrogation of the capacity to neutralize the CT in the intestinal ligated loop test were found. When a booster was given at 113 days of age, the immune response continued to be affected in the serum and the intestinal fluid. The results from the analysis of the supernatant fluids from cultured MLN cells were coincident with those mentioned above. When one dose of CT was administered into Peyer's patches (PP) after 1 week of refeeding, an impaired immune response was found in the intestinal fluid of malnourished rats during suckling compared with that of controls. This result together with the analysis of supernatant from MLN and PP cell cultures suggests that antigen triggering in the PP was affected. When the refeeding period was extended to 30 days and then the first dose of CT was administered, the antibody immune responses in intestinal fluid serum and supernatant fluid approached control values. These observations reinforce the fact that the gut-associated lymphoid tissue immaturity of the rats when they received the first CT dose (at 28 days old) was the main reason for the decreased immune response observed in the experimental group.
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PMID:Deficient induction of the immune response to oral immunization with cholera toxin in malnourished rats during suckling. 792 75

Growth factor-dependent gut intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) cell lines were established from a long-term in vitro culture of BALB/c IEL with syngeneic irradiated spleen cells in the presence of concanavalin A-stimulated spleen supernatant fluids. The cell lines were preferentially consisted of very limited thymoindependent subsets of IEL; i.e., Thy-1+CD5-TCR alpha beta+CD4+CD8 alpha+beta- (double-positive; DP) IEL and Thy-1+CD5-TCR alpha beta+CD4-CD8 alpha+beta- (CD8 single-positive; CD8 SP) IEL. The CD8 SP IEL cell line had cytotoxic activities and was triggered to proliferate by T-cell receptor (TCR)-directed stimuli. The DP IEL cell line expressed high levels of the CD3-TCR alpha beta, exhibited cytotoxic activity in redirected lysis assays, and had perforin in the cytoplasm, indicating the functional maturity of this cell line. However, the DP IEL cell line did not proliferate in response to TCR alpha beta-directed stimuli, which indicated that TCR alpha beta-mediated signalling was able to initiate cytotoxic function but not to induce proliferation of the DP IEL cell line. Although both cell lines were shown to have functional competence, they expressed J11d antigen which marks immaturity in thymocyte differentiation pathways. These results indicate that the established thymoindependent DP and CD8 SP IEL cell lines have unique properties distinct from DP thymocytes and CD8 SP peripheral T cells. Together with a recent report on freshly isolated DP IEL (10), the unique properties of the DP IEL cell line seems to support the notion that DP IEL may undergo a unique maturation process in the gut microenvironment.
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PMID:Unique properties of a cytotoxic CD4+CD8+ intraepithelial T-cell line established from the mouse intestinal epithelium. 807 24

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a worldwide problem that has emerged in the past 25 years as the most common gastrointestinal emergency in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). In the United States the incidence ranges from 1 to 7.7% of NICU admissions. Ninety percent of the patients are premature infants. Mucosal injury, bacterial colonization and formula feeding are the three major pathogenetic factors that have been documented in most infants who have developed NEC. However, NEC may develop only if a threshold of injury, imposed by the coincidence of at least two of three events (intestinal ischemia, pathogenic bacteria, and excess of protein substrate) is exceeded. Immunological immaturity of the gut in premature babies may represent the crucial risk factor.
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PMID:Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis. 808 75

The time for passage of the first stool and urine was studied in 111 infants who weighed less than 1500 g at birth. Delayed passage of the first stool (greater than 24 h) was noted in 25 (22.5%) infants of this group, including 7 cases (6.3%) in whom the delay was greater than 48 h (4 on the 3rd day, 2 on the 4th day, 1 on the 6th day of life, respectively). Three (2.7%) cases had delayed passage of the first urine (at 25, 25, and 45 h of life, respectively). Significant differences between the two groups with delayed and nondelayed passage of the first stool were noted in both the gestational age and in the time of the first enteral feeding. In very low birth weight infants, delay in the passage of the first stool is a common occurrence. This delay is probably due to physiological immaturity of the motor mechanisms of the gut, and lack of triggering effect of enteral feeds on gut hormones. As far as passage of the first urine was concerned, there were no significant perinatal factors found between the delayed and nondelayed groups.
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PMID:Time of the first defaecation and urination in very low birth weight infants. 819 64

To determine whether prenatal theophylline therapy would increase the incidence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) we studied bowel dysfunction in 59 consecutive premature infants (g.s. < 34 weeks), whose mothers were treated with theophylline as a tocolytic during the last trimester, or as surfactant synthesis inductor, for at least three days prior to premature labor (Group A). As case-control we considered the premature, matched for gestational age born immediately before, and whose was untreated with theophylline (Group B). NEC occurred in one patient from group A during the second postnatal week, and surgery was performed. First passage of meconium and start of enteral feeding were comparable in groups A and B, while gastric residuals lasting more than 4 days were found statistically increased (p < 0.03) in antenatally treated group A prematures. Furthermore, 18 out of 49 prematures postnatally treated with theophylline had gastric residuals (36%) with respect to 5 out of 69 untreated (7%) (p < 0.001). Also the premature infants treated ante and postnatally with theophylline showed a statistically significant increase of lasting gastric residuals with respect to the untreated, 13/16 vs 5/7, respectively (p < 0.03). Antenatal theophylline administered to high risk mothers, when maternal diseases do not allow the use of steroids, does not appear to later increase the risk of NEC in premature infants, and provides a chance to avoid the risks related to premature birth. Inhibitory activity on gut motility and gastric irritability are only detectable during the first postnatal days, enhanced by gut immaturity of preterm infants.
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PMID:Prenatal theophylline and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature newborn infants. 929 Jan 31

We report the case of a 6-month-old boy who developed chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction soon after birth. A rectal biopsy demonstrated immaturity of the neuronal cells in the enteral ganglion. His clinical course was stressful, with remission and exacerbation despite conservative treatment with daily bowel irrigation, prokinetic agents, and parenteral nutrition. Since the infant developed serious enterocolitis associated with the increased severity of his bowel obstruction, and no substantial gain in body weight was observed, a loop-ileostomy was performed based on X-ray findings with radio-opaque markers, which were employed to evaluate the whole gut transit time. The radio-opaque markers proved extremely useful for determining which loop of the ileum should be utilized for the ileostomy.
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PMID:The application of radio-opaque markers prior to ileostomy in an infant with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: report of a case. 950 23

Potassium is the most abundant intracellular cation and plays an important role in a variety of cell functions. Potassium regulation and homeostasis during infancy are, owing to growth and development, different from in later life: infants need to retain more K+ than adults, to avoid growth retardation. Since the K+ requirements are different in infants and in adults, the mechanisms regulating K+ homeostasis also need to be different. This paper includes a review of the literature concerning the regulation of internal and external K+ balances during ontogeny. We examined the role of gastrointestinal tract, kidney and some tissue stores in K+ excretion and distribution during development. We conclude that positive K+ balance in infancy is characterized by higher K+ absorption in gut, lower K+ secretion/excretion in kidney and immaturity of the mechanisms regulating intra/extracellular K+ distribution. Several factors contribute to maintain the positive K+ balance. They include higher expression of absorptive transporters in colon and probably in kidney, lower expression of secretive transporters in colon and kidney, lower renal K+ excretion following K+ loading, immaturity of hepato-renal K+ reflex mechanism, immaturity of tissue K+ binding/releasing capacity and immaturity of the neuro-hormonal control of K+ transport in several organs.
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PMID:Potassium homeostasis: ontogenic aspects. 968 50


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