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Query: UMLS:C0029713 (immaturity)
 4,335 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ethanol consumption has a toxic effect on the epithelium of the small bowel, but enterocyte maturity is very difficult to measure under these circumstances. However, when ethanol intake is combined with enterectomy, enterocyte immaturity is greater, permitting an easier separation of these two effects. In a group of rats (13 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 220 g) fed a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol for 4 weeks after resection of the proximal jejunum, the residual small intestine brush border maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities were similar to those of a pair-fed control group (13 animals). However, alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased in the mucosa and in the enterocyte brush border, probably because of the lower activity of this enzyme in the jejunum-ileum remnant of the alcoholic group.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996 Feb
PMID:Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the activities of residual small bowel brush-border enzymes after proximal jejunum resection in the rat. 865 45

We made an evaluation of how children and adolescents are affected if they live in a family environment where violence associated with alcoholism is a feature. Interviews with 20 families and the use of psychological tests on their children were performed in this study. The study has demonstrated the existence of psychopathological disturbances in those families' children, whose immaturity and insecurity were expressed by aggressive behaviour or by depressive manifestations. It also became evident that there was a transgenerational alcoholism-violence frequency.
Alcohol Alcohol
PMID:Violence and alcoholism in the family: how are the children affected? 953 76

Young people's exposure to alcohol in Britain is a major cause of concern to alcohol workers, yet little impact has been made on the problem despite extensive research and numerous recommendations for tackling it. To some extent, this is due to permissive public attitudes and the general lack of knowledge among the public and professionals of the dangers of alcohol misuse, but lack of leadership by government and targetting of alcohol at the young by the drinks industry must take some of the blame. Particular issues of relevance to young people are excessive drinking in pregnancy, which may affect the fetus, alcoholic parents, drinking among 11-15 year olds, and heavy consumption by older adolescents. The pressure that these put on social and health services (and the expense) is considerable. Rather than concentrating resources on treating the damage, greater emphasis should be placed on prevention and detection, for example recognizing risk factors -- immaturity, poor educational performance, antisocial behaviour, mental heath problems and dysfunctional families -- which lead to harm. This will require better education about alcohol for child specialists, teachers, social workers, the police, the legal professions, and others who have to deal with young people. Self-help groups among the young could help spread the message of sensible drinking among their peers. In addition, the number of alcohol agencies in the community which support parents and young people, at present woefully inadequate, need to be increased as a matter of urgency.
Alcohol Alcohol
PMID:Reflections on alcohol and the young. 1045 77

Alcohol ingestion by female rats during pregnancy and/or lactation leads to developmental anomalies of different organ systems, retardation and immune system impairment in their offspring. In humans, these disorders are termed foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), or foetal alcohol effect (FAE) if abnormalities are of lesser degree. The study materials consisted of brain, liver and spleen samples collected ten days post partum from neonatal rats born to dams treated with 12% alcohol at a dose of 6 g/kg body mass during pregnancy or during pregnancy and/or lactation. Microglial and dendritic cells were assessed by light (histochemical and immunohistochemical methods) and electron microscopes. Histochemically, the presence of microglia (ramified, amoeboid and rod) and dendritic cells in the studied organs was detected, but only some of them demonstrated the expression of major histocompatibility complex, class I and II (MHC I, II) on their surfaces. Ultrastructural observations revealed immature morphology of part microglial cells, whereas their euchromatin nuclei maybe showed rather high transcription activity. The preliminary study of dendritic cells at ultrastructural level does not indicate pronounced changes. Abnormalities were mostly pronounced in pups born to alcohol-treated dams during pregnancy and during pregnancy and lactation. These observations suggest that microglia and dendritic cells may be regarded as early markers of alcohol-induced impairments. The reduced immune efficiency in animal FAS/FAE models may be due to both immaturity of these cells and low expression of MHC I and II molecules, which renders it difficult for microglial and dendritic cells to present foreign antigens to helper lymphocytes T, which delays the cascade of immune response.
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PMID:Dendritic and microglial cells in pups of alcohol-treated female rats. 1460 93

Migration of the external granular layer cells in the cerebellum of rats was delayed after exposure to moderate levels of ethanol during a pre-gestational period, through gestation and lactation until weaning. After ethanol withdrawal, cell soma and dendrites were observed to be larger in granule cells. Likewise, Bergmann glia showed several cytoarchitectonic features suggesting cell immaturity, as well as some apparent compensatory plastic responses after ethanol withdrawal. These effects may be due to ethanol impairing neurotrophin-mediated processes during cerebellar development that could lead to alterations in Purkinje cell structure and activity, and thereafter in the psychoneural functions in which the cerebellar cortex is involved.
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PMID:Cerebellar granule cell and Bergmann glial cell maturation in the rat is disrupted by pre- and post-natal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol. 1592 62

Techno-economic modeling has been a valuable tool in directing and assessing the research and development efforts for biomass-to-ethanol processes. In developing a techno-economic model of a "generic" wood-to-ethanol process, we decided to follow a three-pronged design approach. This initially consisted of a detailed review of the current definition and technical maturity of the process, which concluded that the process remains complex and immature. More recently, we have critically assessed/compared two inherited models, and examined the historical and current trends in modeling design. We confirmed that process complexity and immaturity, in association with the capabilities of the available modeling tools and the ease with which they can be used, influenced the design and implementation of past models. We have discussed these influences with reference to our own model development decisions. For example, on review of two inherited techno-economic models, we decided that our new model would require a greater degree of flexibility in its structure and user interface.
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PMID:A review of techno-economic modeling methodology for a wood-to-ethanol process. 1857 16

Experimental studies on the incubated egg, for example the embryo and the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), are carried out frequently. The yolk-sac blood vessel system, the first system supplying the embryo, has not yet been used in toxicological studies. This paper describes experiments with ethanol and sodium hydroxide to test the application of this blood vessel system in the assessment of toxic effects. The experiments were carried out at day 4 of incubation. Different concentrations of the test substances were applied directly on yolk-sac. The acute reaction, mainly haemorrhages, was recorded semi-quantitatively up to 5 min post-application (p.a.). The results revealed a clear concentration dependency and marked differences between the two substances. During the late reaction up to 3 days p.a., repair processes occurred showing signs of a granulation tissue, including angiogenesis and the development of collagenous fibres. These experiments show the functional ability of the yolk-sac blood system for toxicological tests. Additionally, this system has some advantages compared with the CAM, for example the immaturity of the embryo nervous system and the possibility to evaluate findings on the embryo itself.
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PMID:The chick embryo yolk-sac blood vessel system as an experimental model for irritation and inflammation. 2070 89

Lignocellulose biorefinery encompasses process engineering and biotechnology tools for the processing of lignocellulosic biomass for the manufacturing of bio-based products (such as biofuels, bio-chemicals, biomaterials). While, lignocellulose biorefinery offers clear value proposition, success at industrial level has not been vibrant for the commercial production of renewable chemicals and fuels. This is because of high capital and operating expenditures, irregularities in biomass supply chain, technical process immaturity, and scale up challenges. As a result, commercial production of biochemicals and biofuels with right economics is still lagging behind. To hit the market place, efforts are underway by bulk and specialty chemicals producing companies like DSM (Succinic acid, Cellulosic ethanol), Dow-DuPont (1,3-Propanediol, 1,4-Butanediol), Clariant-Global bioenergies-INEOS (bio-isobutene), Braskem (Ethylene, polypropylene), Raizen, Gran-bio and POET-DSM (Cellulosic ethanol), Amyris (Farnesene), and several other potential players. This paper entails the concept of lignocellulose biorefinery, technical challenges for industrialization of renewable fuels and bulk chemicals and future directions.
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PMID:The path forward for lignocellulose biorefineries: Bottlenecks, solutions, and perspective on commercialization. 2996 Aug 25

Evidence obtained in recent decades has demonstrated that the brain still matures in adolescence. Changes in neural connectivity occur in different regions, including cortical and subcortical structures, which undergo modifications in white and gray matter densities. These alterations concomitantly occur in some neurotransmitter systems and hormone secretion, which markedly influence the refinement of certain brain areas and neural circuits. The immaturity of the adolescent brain makes it more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol and drug abuse, whose use can trigger long-term behavioral dysfunction. This article reviews the action of alcohol and drug abuse (cannabis, cocaine, opioids, amphetamines, anabolic androgenic steroids) in the adolescent brain, and their impact on both cognition and behavioral dysfunction, including predisposition to drug abuse in later life. It also discusses recent evidence that indicates the role of the neuroimmune system response and neuroinflammation as mechanisms that participate in many actions of ethanol and drug abuse in adolescence, including the neurotoxicity and alterations in neurocircuitry that contribute to the dysfunctional behaviors associated with addiction. The new data suggest the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory targets to prevent the long-term consequences of drug abuse in adolescence.
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PMID:Impact of neuroimmune activation induced by alcohol or drug abuse on adolescent brain development. 3046 86


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