Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0029713 (immaturity)
 4,335 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An enzyme-linked immunoassay to quantitate lung surfactant apoproteins (15 to 250 ng/ml) in human amniotic fluid is described. The immunoassay was used to quantify lung surfactant in 72 samples of amniotic fluid, for which lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios, lecithin and phosphatidylglycerol concentrations, and foam stability indices were also available. The results obtained with the immunoassay were in general agreement with those of the other methods. Measurement of the apoproteins, however, may be a better predictor of fetal lung immaturity and of respiratory distress syndrome than the L/S ratio and the concentration of lecithin. This conclusion is based on the data obtained in the analyses of samples of amniotic fluid from four diabetic and five nondiabetic pregnancies, the infants of which developed respiratory distress. In all cases, the apoprotein concentration was less than 2.1 micrograms/ml, which indicated fetal lung immaturity. In six of these cases (one diabetic and five nondiabetic pregnancies), lung immaturity was also predicted on the basis of other tests. However, in three other cases of diabetic pregnancy, the L/S ratio and lecithin concentration falsely indicated lung maturity. In addition to its being an effective predictor of fetal lung maturity in diabetic, as well as nondiabetic, pregnancies, the immunoassay is better suited for clinical use because of its high specificity, sensitivity, and ease of performance.
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PMID:Deficient lung surfactant apoproteins in amniotic fluid with mature phospholipid profile from diabetic pregnancies. 654 25

Besides oxygen administration and immaturity of the premature retinal vessels, there are other risk factors for retrolental fibroplasia: (1) respiratory distress syndrome; (2) multiple episodes of bradycardia apnoea; (3) exchange transfusions; (4) hyaline membrane disease; (5) anemia of prematurity; (6) hyperbilirubinemia; (7) avitaminosis E; (8) cardiovascular defects; (9) infectious diseases; (10) multiple births; (11) hypocalcemia; (12) hypothermia; (13) hemorrhagic tendency; (14) delayed coaptation of the retina, and (15) spastic diplegia.
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PMID:Risk factors for retrolental fibroplasia. 668 25

The surfaceactive alveolar system (surfactant) is of central importance for a normal lung function of premature and neonates. The most important substance of this system consisting of phospholipids and lecithin is Dipalmitoyl-Phosphatidyl-Cholin (DPPC) because it specially lowers the surface tension in the alveola. A lack of surfactant leeds to the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of newborns which today still remains the most frequent cause of death of prematures. Many different methods have been tried to get information concerning lung maturity through analysis of phospholipids in the amniotic fluid; more over strong efforts have been made to stimulate surfactant production pharmacologically in case of diagnosed fetal lung immaturity. Corticosteroids have proven to be effective for this induction and are excepted world wide; however possible adverse effects on the mother and her fetus have let to discussions about the use of corticosteroids. Therefore the effect of Carnitine on fetal lung maturation in sheep was investigated in the experimental part of this study. The clinical part was devoted to other problems.
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PMID:[New aspects in the diagnosis and therapy of fetal lung immaturity. Determination of the infant respiratory system compliance. Analysis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in amniotic fluid. Use of carnitine for the enhancement of lung maturation. (Clinical and experimental results)]. 676 79

In studying the human lipid transport system as it changes from the fetal to the adult form, data were collected on cord sera levels of lipids and apolipoproteins (A-I, A-II, ApoB, C-I, C-II, C-III, ApoD, and ApoE) from infants whose lipid metabolism might have been modified by a variety of factors present before, at, or after delivery. The results clearly indicated that many factors affect the levels of both lipids and apolipoproteins at birth. Method of delivery had little effect except in relation to either fetal immaturity (increased total cholesterol) or fetal stress (increased triglycerides). Birth weight was related to changes in free cholesterol, C-I, C-III, and ApoE levels. Gestational age had greater impact upon both serum lipids and apolipoproteins. With increasing fetal maturity, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, A-II, C-II, and ApoE progressively fell whereas triglyceride and ApoD rose. A variety of clinical disorders were also associated with changes in serum lipid and apolipoproteins. Anencephaly produced marked increases in both free and total cholesterol as well as most apolipoproteins. Significant reductions in triglyceride and ApoD levels were found in infants who subsequently became ill in the postnatal period with problems relating to carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., infants of diabetic mothers). Infants with respiratory distress were found to have decreased levels of total cholesterol and ApoB, both of which are increased in prematurity, a condition with which respiratory distress (RD) is usually associated. The changes in cord sera lipid and apolipoprotein levels found in a variety of clinical situations may provide new diagnostic approaches to postnatal problems arising in the newborn.
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PMID:Factors affecting the lipid and apolipoprotein levels of cord sera. 682 36

Ultrasound evaluation of fetal lung development in utero could be a noninvasive method for frequent monitoring of the state of pulmonary maturity and predicting when parturition could occur with minimum or no risk of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. In cases of high-risk obstetric management in premature labor, this ability may be a particularly useful tool. To pursue this possibility, the lungs and livers of 13 living fetal lambs were successfully imaged with a modified clinical B-scanner under carefully controlled conditions; physiologic function tests on the excised lungs determined the state of pulmonary maturity. In eight cases, maturity or immaturity was correctly identified by sonographic criteria. The results wer ambiguous in four cases. One case of immature lung was incorrectly identified as mature. The trends established in these animal studies appear promising and with refinement may form the basis for sonographic assessment of fetal lung maturity in a clinical setting.
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PMID:Sonographic identification of lung maturation in the fetal lamb. 683 27

A retrospective case-control study of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was conducted among infants weighing greater than 2,000 g at birth. Twenty-three infants met the NEC criteria for inclusion in the study; 12 weighed 2,001 to 2,500 g at birth and 11 weighed greater than 2,500 g at birth. Hypoglycemia occurred in 7/12 (55%) infants weighing 2,001 to 2,500 g and in 4/35 (11%) control subjects (P less than .02). In infants weighing greater than 2,500 g at birth, polycythemia (occurring in 7/12 study infants (58%) and 5/32 (16%) control infants) and respiratory distress (3/11 study infants (27%) and 0 control subjects) were significantly associated with NEC (P less than .02). Larger infants with a history of perinatal stress and/or physiologic immaturity are likely to be at greater risk for NEC than their normal counterparts.
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PMID:Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in infants weighing more than 2,000 grams at birth: a case-control study. 684 74

Early studies suggest that transient tachypnea of the newborn is a benign disease of uncertain etiology. Consequently, prevention of this complication has not been a primary concern of obstetricians. In this study of amniotic fluid phospholipids, 55 pregnancies in which the neonate developed transient tachypnea were compared to 355 pregnancies after which respiratory distress did not occur. Thirteen neonatal complications and procedures, often associated with prematurity, were significantly increased in the infants who developed transient tachypnea. Potential risk factors for transient tachypnea were examined by stepwise discriminant analysis. Negative amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol, prematurity (less than 38 weeks), and 1-minute Apgar score less than 7 all made an independent contribution to the overall characterization of infants at increased risk for transient tachypnea. These findings suggest that mild fetal lung immaturity may be a factor in the pathophysiology of this syndrome, and that the relationship of perinatal factors associated with transient tachypnea of the newborn in previous studies, including maternal diabetes mellitus and cesarean birth, may be partially mediated through a neonatal surfactant deficiency.
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PMID:Transient tachypnea of the newborn: the relationship to preterm delivery and significant neonatal morbidity. 685 31

During a period from 1966 to 1977 a retrospective study on 1982 premature births was conducted. 9,4% of the premature births were dead born; from the births, who died in the postnatal period, 94% died within the first 7 days, perinatal mortality was 27%. Most common cause of death was immaturity (25%), followed by respiratory distress syndrome (16%), in 31% cause of death was unknown. The most common complications of the immature births were icterus neonatorum (25,3%), aspiration (21,3%) and asphyxia (8,9%).
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PMID:[Premature birth. Retrospective study of 2000 premature births at the Gynecological Clinic of the University of Mannheim. 2: Postpartum period, morbidity and mortality of premature infants]. 687 42

Particle electrophoresis has been used to investigate particles obtained from amniotic fluid. These particles are defined mainly as unilamellar and multilamellar liposomes by electron microscopy. A total of 172 samples of amniotic fluids from 132 pregnancies were included in this study. The electrophoretic results were compared to the total phospholipids and to neonatal outcomes in 42 cases. At least two kinds of particles from amniotic fluids with different electrophoretic mobilities (EPM) are evident. With a ratio of F greater than 1.0, the presence of electrophoretically faster particles was found to be associated with apparent fetal lung maturity. On the other hand when the ratio was F less than 1.0, this seems to indicate an immature fetal lung. Seventy-seven per cent of F values correspond to the total phospholipid content P regarding the prediction of fetal pulmonary maturity resp. immaturity. The correct prediction of fetal lung maturity was demonstrated in 42 patients delivered within 48 hours of amniotic fluid sampling. In 28 cases with a mature F value (greater than 1.0) the correct prediction of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was 100 per cent. Eight out of 14 patients with immature F values (less than 1.0) developed RDS. The F values were found to increase as pregnancy progressed. The electrophoretically differentiated amniotic fluid particles behave differently at low pH. Selection and electrophoretic measurement of particles were made in a subjective manner. This preliminary investigation suggests that the results correspond to those obtained by objective cell electrophoretic measurements.
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PMID:Fetal pulmonary maturity as determined by particle electrophoresis. 687 87

National mortality statistics for hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and other major causalities were examined in this study for the years 1968 to 1978. A progressive reduction in total neonatal deaths began in 1971 such that only 56% as many newborn deaths occurred in 1978 as in 1968 (31,618 vs 66,456). In each of the 11 years surveyed, the majority of deaths occurred during the first four days of life, with more than half of the infants dying before 48 hours of age. HMD/RDS was the leading cause of death during nine of the 11 years analyzed, accounting for an average 19.5% of neonatal fatalities. Deaths associated with HMD/RDS increased for 1968 to 1971 plateaved and progressively decreased in the ensuing years between 1974 and 1978. Thus, the percent of all neonatal deaths attributable to HMD/RDS increased from 14.7% in 1968 to a maximum of 21.3% in 1974, before declining to 17.5% in 1978. The average contribution of other major causes of death to overall neonatal mortality were: perinatal asphyxia, 13.4%; immaturity, 13.4%; and complications of pregnancy, 11.1%. These data indicate that: (1) despite the declining incidence of fatal HMD/RDS the disorder accounted for an increasing percent of total deaths through the later part of the 11-year period; (2) prevention and/or improved management of asphyxia made the most significant (29%) contribution to reduced neonatal mortality; (3) less change occurred in fatal complications of pregnancy, implying a continuing need for improved maternal/fetal care. Comparing national mortality statistics with those of Wisconsin suggests that further reduction in HMD/RDS death rates should be possible and could have a marked influence on national neonatal mortality statistics.
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PMID:Analysis of causes of neonatal death in the United States with specific emphasis on fatal hyaline membrane disease. 712 55


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