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Query: UMLS:C0029713 (immaturity)
 4,335 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mothers of malnourished children were evaluated by psychologist, nutritionist, social worker and pediatrician with the objective of verifying in which ways the psychological, social and nutritional aspects interact. All mothers were from the low socioeconomic level, with extremely low family incomes, lower school levels were predominant,with 57.6% up to 4 years of formal education; 27.3% of the mothers were single, 48.5% single with male partners, 18.2% married and 6% separated. Main personality traits found: immaturity, difficulties in relationships, low self-regard, feelings of insufficiency/inferiority, aggressiveness. The intellectual level was average or below average in 82.6%. Concerning food preparation,we observed that 80% were disorganized and showed poor hygiene, 64% did not show interest, 77% wasted foodstuffs, 61.9% were insecure in handling foods and 37% prepared foods with inadequate aspect and consistency. Results confirm that social aspects effectively are a risk factor for malnutrition in families from the low socioeconomic level. Other aspects are also very relevant, since certain characteristics of the mothers personality disturb her performance and determine external disorder and absence of interest during preparation of meals, an activity directly related to child care.
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PMID:[Nutritional, psychological and social aspects of mothers of malnourished children]. 1468 4

The US measles epidemics of 1989-1991 included a series of outbreaks resulting from vaccine failure. A series of studies was launched aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of this vaccine failure. A meta-analysis of the literature examining epidemics in vaccinated populations was conducted, which showed that the secondary vaccine failure rate (development of the disease despite an initial or primary vaccine success) is no more than 0.2%. The overwhelming proportion of measles vaccine failure was due to primary vaccine failure (failure to ever generate antibody from antigenic stimulation). This comparison of two geographically distinct communities revealed that 10% of children previously vaccinated against measles lacked antibody on follow-up and that these vaccine failures clustered in families. A study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins revealed a high degree of heritability of measles vaccine antibody level. Subsequent studies found associations with both class I and class II alleles in these population-based studies. In the future, detection of the specific peptides that interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules may serve as the basis for improved vaccines and address vaccine failure that results from cold-chain problems, immaturity of the immune system, malnutrition and maternal immunity.
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PMID:The genetic basis for measles vaccine failure. 1517 19

Incidence, hazards and structural variants of pneumopathies according to the findings of 826 autopsies of neonates were studied. Anthropometrical, histological, bacteriological, virusological methods were applied. 17 important elements content in hair and lungs were detected. It was established that incidences of pneumopathies, according to the findings of the autopsies in Tashkent, constitute in total 47,1%. Pulmonary atelectases amount to 57% of all pneumopathies, edematouse-hemorrhagic syndrome--23,5%, aspiration syndrome--10,7%, hyaline membranes--8,8%. The highest lethality from pneumopathies was observed among neonates born from I-III pregnancies with males prevailing. Premature babies were found to have pneumopathies in 77,5%, mature--19%, overmature--3,5%. Risk factors coming from maternal side are the following: extragenital diseases, anemia, chronic pyelonephritis, acute respiratory viral infections, aggravated obstetric anamnesis, placental separation, prolonged early rupture of amniotic fluid sac, delivery by cesarean section. Risk factors coming from the neonate's side are the following: immaturity, intrauterine chronic hypoxia, intrauterine hypotrophy. Deficiency in copper and zinc leading to structural abnormality of pulmonary tissue is of great importance for pathogenesis of separate forms of pneumopathies (pulmonary and hyaline membranes' atelectases).
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PMID:[Incidence, risk factors, and structural variants of pneumopathies in newborns in Tashkent]. 1705 5

The purpose of this review is to summarize the available evidence on occipito-posterior fetal head position and maternal and neonatal outcome. The occipito-posterior fetal head position is the most common malposition, but there are not so many data about it in literature. Its incidence is ranging from 1.8% by Fitzpatrick, to 4.6% and 5.5% by Yancey and Sizer, to 6% by Ponkey. Only two trials studied the occipito-posterior associated factors. There are lower incidence of premature rupture of membrane, arterial hypertension pregnancy-induced, induced labour, increased of episiotomy, instrumental delivery and a decreased of vaginal birth without a difference in neonatal Apgar, and with a neonatal bigger weight. The occipito-posterior fetal head position persistence compared to anterior position, has a statistically significant association with low maternal stature, previous cesarean section, longer first and second stage of labour, oxytocin augmentation, epidural analgesia, instrumental vaginal delivery, chorion-amniositis, vaginal perineal injures, loss of blood and post partum infections. A highest incidence of occipito-posterior fetal head position may depend by nulliparity, malnutrition with pelvic deformity, pelvic immaturity in the teenager and anterior placenta. Epidural analgesia is a risk factor for fetal head malposition. The majority of occipito-posterior fetal head positions is not due to a malrotation, but to a persistence in this position of the fetal head. In fact, this persistence leads to a failure of the fetal head rotation. The prolonged second stage is often the result of occipito-posterior fetal head position and instrumental delivery is required. The traditional vaginal examination is not useful for the determination of fetal head position, so and instrumental method is needed, such as ultrasound, for a correct evaluation of fetal head position, particularly if a vaginal instrumental delivery is necessary. This is recommended by the Canadian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The evaluation of fetal head position is important in the prediction of labour induction.
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PMID:[Occipito-posterior fetal head position, maternal and neonatal outcome]. 1792 36

Several factors are associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Among them, hyperoxia and lung immaturity are considered to be fundamental; however, the effect of malnutrition is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 7 days of postnatal malnutrition and hyperoxia on lung weight, volume, water content, and pulmonary morphometry of premature rabbits. After c-section, 28-day-old New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into four groups: control diet and room air (CA, N = 17), control diet and > or = 95% O2 (CH, N = 17), malnutrition and room air (MA, N = 18), and malnutrition and > or = 95% O2 (MH, N = 18). Malnutrition was defined as a 30% reduction of all the nutrients provided in the control diet. Treatments were maintained for 7 days, after which histological and morphometric analyses were conducted. Lung slices were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, modified orcein-resorcin or picrosirius. The results of morphometric analysis indicated that postnatal malnutrition decreased lung weight (CA: 0.83 +/- 0.19; CH: 0.96 +/- 0.28; MA: 0.65 +/- 0.17; MH: 0.79 +/- 0.22 g) and water content, as well as the number of alveoli (CA: 12.43 +/- 3.07; CH: 8.85 +/- 1.46; MA: 7.33 +/- 0.88; MH: 6.36 +/- 1.53 x 10-3/mm) and elastic and collagen fibers. Hyperoxia reduced the number of alveoli and increased septal thickening and the mean linear intercept. The reduction of alveolar number, collagen and elastic fibers was intensified when malnutrition and hyperoxia were associated. These data suggest that dietary restriction enhances the magnitude of hyperoxia-induced alveolar growth arrest and lung parenchymal remodeling. It is interesting to consider the important influence of postnatal nutrition upon lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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PMID:Effect of postnatal malnutrition on hyperoxia-induced newborn lung development. 1957 40

To explain variation in relative brain size among homoiothermic vertebrates, we propose the Expensive Brain hypothesis as a unifying explanatory framework. It claims that the costs of a relatively large brain must be met by any combination of increased total energy turnover or reduced energy allocation to another expensive function such as digestion, locomotion, or production (growth and reproduction). Focusing on the energetic costs of brain enlargement, a comparative analysis of the largest mammalian sample assembled to date shows that an increase in brain size leads to larger neonates among all mammals and a longer period of immaturity among monotokous precocial species, but not among the polytokous altricial ones, who instead reduce their litter size. Relatively large brained mammals, altricial and precocial, also show reduced annual fertility rates as compared to their smaller brained relatives, but allomaternal energy inputs allow some cooperatively breeding altricial carnivores to produce even more offspring in a shorter time despite having a relatively large brain. Thus, the Expensive Brain framework explains why brain size is linked to life history pace in some, but not all mammalian lineages. This framework encompasses other hypotheses of energetic constraints on brain size variation and is also compatible with the Brain Malnutrition Risk hypothesis, but the absence of a mammal-wide correlation between brain size and immature period argues against the Needing-to-Learn explanation for slower development among large brained mammals.
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PMID:The Expensive Brain: a framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size. 1973 37

Multiple motor abnormalities have been identified in some children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These include persistence of overflow movements, impaired timing of motor responses and deficits in fine motor abilities. Motor overflow is defined as co-movement of body parts not specifically needed to efficiently complete a task. The presence of age-inappropriate overflow may reflect immaturity of the cortical systems involved in automatic motor inhibition. Theories on overflow movements consistently implicate impairments in white matter (WM) tracts, including the corpus callosum. WM connections might be altered selectively in brain networks and thus influence motor behaviours. We reviewed the scientific contributions on overflow movements and WM abnormalities in ADHD. They suggest that WM abnormalities in motor/premotor circuits, which are important for motor response inhibition, might be responsible for overflow movements in patients with ADHD.
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PMID:Overflow movements and white matter abnormalities in ADHD. 2010 May 33

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most critical morbidities in preterm infants. The incidence of NEC is 7% in very-low-birth-weight infants, and its mortality is 15 to 30%. Infants who survive NEC have various complications, such as nosocomial infection, malnutrition, growth failure, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and neurodevelopmental delays. The most important etiology in the pathogenesis of NEC is structural and immunological intestinal immaturity. In preterm infants with immature gastrointestinal tracts, development of NEC may be associated with a variety of factors, such as colonization with pathogenic bacteria, secondary ischemia, genetic polymorphisms conferring NEC susceptibility, anemia with red blood cell transfusion, and sensitization to cow milk proteins. To date, a variety of preventive strategies has been accepted or attempted in clinical practice with regard to the pathogenesis of NEC. These strategies include the use of breast feeding, various feeding strategies, probiotics, prebiotics, glutamine and arginine, and lactoferrin. There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of breast feeding and the use of probiotics in infants with birth weights above 1,000 g, and these strategies are commonly used in clinical practice. Other preventive strategies, however, require further research to establish their effect on NEC.
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PMID:An update on necrotizing enterocolitis: pathogenesis and preventive strategies. 2223 29

Nutrition and growth are still a major challenge in neonatal intensive care. Many studies have demonstrated that premature infants frequently develop severe cumulative nutritional deficit during the first weeks of life. This malnutrition is the primary etiology of postnatal growth restriction, which is still universally described in very premature infants. Furthermore, both postnatal nutritional deficit and postnatal growth restriction have been associated with adverse long-term outcome in adulthood. Due to their immaturity, premature infants are frequently not fed by the enteral route. Therefore, parenteral nutrition remains an essential therapy in neonatology. Most recent recommendations suggest starting parenteral nutrition as soon as possible after birth with a minimum of 40 kcal/kg/day with around 2-3g/kg/day of amino acids and 1g/kg/day of lipids. Afterwards, intake should increase rapidly during the first week of life, up to 90-120 kcal/kg/day with around 3.5 g/kg/day amino acids and 3g/kg/day of lipids. There is great heterogeneity in parenteral nutrition practices among neonatal units, with frequent discrepancies. This article discusses the principal theoretical aspects of parenteral nutrition in premature infants, the guidelines, and the opportunity to optimize nutritional support routinely, especially in very premature infants.
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PMID:[Parenteral nutrition in premature infants: practical aspects to optimize postnatal growth and development]. 2384 1

Therapeutic food interventions have reduced mortality in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM), but incomplete restoration of healthy growth remains a major problem. The relationships between the type of nutritional intervention, the gut microbiota, and therapeutic responses are unclear. In the current study, bacterial species whose proportional representation define a healthy gut microbiota as it assembles during the first two postnatal years were identified by applying a machine-learning-based approach to 16S ribosomal RNA data sets generated from monthly faecal samples obtained from birth onwards in a cohort of children living in an urban slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh, who exhibited consistently healthy growth. These age-discriminatory bacterial species were incorporated into a model that computes a 'relative microbiota maturity index' and 'microbiota-for-age Z-score' that compare postnatal assembly (defined here as maturation) of a child's faecal microbiota relative to healthy children of similar chronologic age. The model was applied to twins and triplets (to test for associations of these indices with genetic and environmental factors, including diarrhoea), children with SAM enrolled in a randomized trial of two food interventions, and children with moderate acute malnutrition. Our results indicate that SAM is associated with significant relative microbiota immaturity that is only partially ameliorated following two widely used nutritional interventions. Immaturity is also evident in less severe forms of malnutrition and correlates with anthropometric measurements. Microbiota maturity indices provide a microbial measure of human postnatal development, a way of classifying malnourished states, and a parameter for judging therapeutic efficacy. More prolonged interventions with existing or new therapeutic foods and/or addition of gut microbes may be needed to achieve enduring repair of gut microbiota immaturity in childhood malnutrition and improve clinical outcomes.
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PMID:Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. 2500 8


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